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Our criteria used to select the cities tend to emphasize selecting cities with the greatest number of FSW and higher risk i. Following planning from the field supervisor, mobilizers identified FSW and introduced them to the team. Finally, the Prostitutes Ngaoundere size was small to carry out multiple Poisson regression with many other covariates.

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School drop-out rate in Ngaoundere in Cameroon

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Primary source Prostitutes Ngaoundere. Open Access Content. Contact us. Sales contacts. Publishing contacts. Social Media Overview. Terms and Conditions. Privacy Statement. After showing that all sampling methods rely on theoretical assumptions that are difficult to meet in practice, a formative assessment was Prostitutes Ngaoundere to help inform the appropriateness and feasibility of different size estimation methods [ 13 ]. Respondent-Driven Sampling RDS demonstrates sensible results when used to Prostitutes Ngaoundere the size of known networked populations from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and also when used to estimate the size of a hard-to-reach population at high risk for HIV [ 14 ].

On the other hand, Johnson et al. A main difference between programmatic mapping Prostitutes Ngaoundere other KP mapping is that programmatic mapping is based on micro level, and identifies sites where Prostitutes Ngaoundere can Prostitutes Ngaoundere members of a KP in this context sex workers. Moreover, size estimates of FSWs can be readily translated into outreach targets for local service delivery providers and planned interventions.

With minor changes made to adapt the approach to local contexts and research needs, the methodology could provide more valuable information on similar populations worldwide.

School drop-outs have dangerous consequences. The main ones being juvenile delinquency; prostitution, teen pregnancies, STIs and AIDS;. it Flat-bottomed prostitutes brought wheel barrows And saber-rattling men by tattooing And then fill up and top up With ginger from Ngaoundere?

The original approach for programmatic mapping was performed as previously reported [ 17 ], while applications Prostitutes Ngaoundere programmatic mapping and its implications were further described [ 18 — 20 ]. Many studies have been carried out on programmatic mapping.

Sabin et al. With the goal to set up an effective planning and implementation based on national estimates using reliable and feasible predictions in Prostitutes Ngaoundere, our study aimed at estimating the size of FSWs Prostitutes Ngaoundere order to guide the national HIV program design and implementation.

Specifically we sought to: a estimate the total number of FSWs population size in Prostitutes Ngaoundere sites; b develop national predictive estimates of FSWs; and c estimate the proportions of FSWs among adult female in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 5 Prostitutes Ngaoundere to November 30 Prostitutes Ngaoundere in locations of Cameroon where high-risk activities related to HIV transmission occur hotspots among FSWs.

A FSW was defined as any female who exchanges sexual activity with a man in return for money or benefits, irrespective of site of operation street, bars, hotel, etc. Even if a hotspot may have been Prostitutes Ngaoundere mapped, it was essential to validate the hotspots by re-confirming their current status as well as identify any new hotspots that have emerged since the previous mapping.

The criteria included: i the size of the city both large and small cities ; ii the prevalence of HIV in the city; and iii the presence of existing programs for FSWs that could be leveraged. The target area for mapping was defined by selecting the cities to be mapped. Based on the answers provided by KIs, a list of potential hotspots was developed. Level 2 L2 involved the validation and profiling of identified hotspots through interviews and focus group discussions with FSWs.

KIs are Prostitutes Ngaoundere who are likely to have information on the profiles of the locations and estimates of the number of participants engaging in high-risk activity.

Secondary Key informants were persons who are in direct contact with FSWs, or those likely to provide information on their location and are used for Level Prostitutes Ngaoundere data collection.

Level 1 was Prostitutes Ngaoundere first phase of field Prostitutes Ngaoundere, in which information was Prostitutes Ngaoundere on the various high-risk activities and individuals within each zone, by interviewing secondary KIs.

This enabled the development of a comprehensive list of hotspots where FSWs congregate within each zone. The major aim was to generate a list of hotspots where such activities take place and a range of estimates minimum and maximum of participants in high-risk activity.

For each mentioned location, KIs were asked a set of questions about the characteristics of the hotspot public place, brothel, night club, etc.

The level 1 interview was conducted at various major markets, parks, streets, etc. Hotspots were validated by determining whether they still exist or are currently inactive, and by identifying FSW typologies and estimating the number of each FSW typology at that hotspot on average and during peak times.

Prostitutes Ngaoundere 2 fieldwork also involved collecting geo-coordinates using GPS devices for each active hotspot validated. Using hotspot lists prepared in Level 1, teams validated hotspots by interviewing FSWs at those hotspots Prostitutes Ngaoundere the time that those hotspots were active. Following planning from the field supervisor, mobilizers identified FSW and introduced them to the team.

Validation of hotspots in Level 2 was to Prostitutes Ngaoundere two key areas of inquiry: Prostitutes Ngaoundere the existence of an active hotspot and secondly a more accurate estimate per hotspot. All hotspots found in Prostitutes Ngaoundere were validated in L2; with interviews being conducted in all hotspots.

In very few cases 8. Each hotspot was visited twice, at least, before a decision to validate information from secondary KIs was made. Because KPs are often stigmatized and marginalized, the team worked with community members throughout the study by hiring these individuals as peers workers social mobilisersin order to ensure more access to hidden segments of sex worker and community participation.

A monitoring and quality assurance system was designed together with a timeline to complete the data collection activities. Supervisors monitored the fieldwork by visiting each field team on a daily bases.

For both levels L1 and L2monitoring forms were used to assess the quality of work by site coordinator, supervisor and data entry operators. The forms were filled by the respective team members to keep track and record of the daily activities, and then were submitted to the respective line manager. Feedback was provided to interviewers on the basis of the errors identified in the forms. A double entry of data was performed for consistency.

After the data set was properly coded, the entire Prostitutes Ngaoundere was entered into CSPro 6. For example, if Prostitutes Ngaoundere are solicited at two or more hotspots, the number of Prostitutes Ngaoundere estimated for the geographic unit that contains those hotspots will increase [ 23 ]. Estimates from all zones in a city were subsequently summed up to generate estimates for the whole city. This size estimation formula was initially developed by the Prostitutes Ngaoundere of Manitoba, and adopted in Prostitutes Ngaoundere guidelines by Global Fund in ; and Prostitutes Ngaoundere formula was previously used [ 24 ].

Council-wise FSW population size estimates were obtained using a Poisson regression modeling from the mapped councils. The dependent variable was estimates of FSWs E i ; while the square root of adult population and logarithm of adult population Log A i were used as independent Prostitutes Ngaoundere predictors from the 26 councils of the Prostitutes Ngaoundere cities the index i was for each council. The national estimate was obtained as the sum of predicted estimates of FSWs of each of the councils in Cameroon including the Prostitutes Ngaoundere councils used for estimation.

Residuals from the model diagnostics showed that predictions from cities mapped were close to the estimates obtained from the mapping.

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The entire data, which has been collected, validated and triangulated, was displayed on zonal Prostitutes Ngaoundere that were later merged into city maps. A combined city map was further developed using the geo-coordinates collected at Level 2 to show the spatial distribution of FSW population and its estimates.

For purposes of confidentiality, hotspot maps for every city developed as part of this study were only used for programmatic perspectives. Fig 1 shows the full representation Prostitutes Ngaoundere the programmatic methodology, Prostitutes Ngaoundere literature review to report development and dissemination.

Administrative authorizations were obtained from each local representative of the Minister of Public Health for the cities involved. Programmatic mapping, by its nature, gathers information about places and locations where risk activities take place, so potential hazards Prostitutes Ngaoundere the field teams and respondents were addressed. Divisional Officers, Police Heads, Prostitutes Ngaoundere were notified. Identity cards temporary signed by health or police authorities were issued to field workers to facilitate fieldwork.

Considerable efforts were made to preserve the safety Prostitutes Ngaoundere respondents because sensitive questions in a public place could cause discomfort or even put respondents at risk. The teams were trained to ensure that interviews were conducted with respect to privacy. Recruitment of participants was conducted only after describing the study procedures and obtaining written informed consent.

During the process of obtaining informed consent, participants were clearly informed that participation is voluntary Prostitutes Ngaoundere that non-participation would have no negative consequences Prostitutes Ngaoundere terms of access to programs or services. In addition, names of respondents were not asked for purposes of confidentiality and anonymity.

All survey-related materials e. Table 1 shows the number of zones where FSWs can be found in various cities in Cameroon as well as the number of interviews conducted, average interview per zone and the number of hotspots identified, as Prostitutes Ngaoundere to the Cameroon Central Bureau Prostitutes Ngaoundere the Census and Population Bureau BUCREP [ 25 ]. Cities with larger populations had the larger number of zones. Douala was the city with the largest number of hotspots identified Buea had the lowest number of hotspots 2.

The average number of interviews among the cities included in this study varied between Secondary KIs were mainly constituted of commercial motorcycle Okada riders9. L1: level one. Of Prostitutes Ngaoundere 2, hotspots identified in Prostitutes Ngaoundere 9. Table 2 shows that the number of hotspots in every city was: Douala Table 2 shows the number of hotspots, estimated number of FSWs on usual days and on peak days in each of the mapped cities. Table 2 also shows that heterogeneity in the Parameters Prostitutes Ngaoundere adjusting for mobility duplicates of FSWs; with the mean varying from 1.

Prostitutes Ngaoundere 2. The number of FSWs per adult males was particularly higher in Kribi Variations were also observed between rural and urban settings of the cities. In Urban settings, Bertoua Considering rural and urban settings of the same city, only Prostitutes Ngaoundere registered a greater difference.

Prostitutes Ngaoundere 3 shows that FSW estimates increased with the size of adult population. This may be due to the presence of three possible 3 outliers. FSW: female sex Prostitutes Ngaoundere. This outcome led to a national predicted estimate of FSWs of,—,covering all councils of Cameroon.

Predictions showed thatout of 5, adult female population aged 15—64 years were FSWs, thus approximately two percent 1. The estimate was 55, 43,—67, for urban councils, indicating that half of FSWs are in urban areas.

L1: level one.

The predicted FSWs per adult male varied from The hotspots appeared to be unevenly distributed Prostitutes Ngaoundere and within cities and often regrouped into clusters. Most hotspots Prostitutes Ngaoundere located in the urban area of each city.

Prostitutes Ngaoundere maps generated from this study found that most cities had hotspots concentrated in the commercial centers and along the major roads and highways leading in and out of the cities. In larger cities such as Douala, this pattern was persistent but did not preclude activities from being dispersed to other areas of the city. Estimating the size Prostitutes Ngaoundere FSWs in a country with generalized HIV epidemics is of great importance to set-up programmatic interventions toward a better prevention of HIV transmission within such a high-risk population within a resource-limited setting context.

To our knowledge, this study is the first in Cameroon to estimate the size of FSWs at micro hotspot level for programming purposes. These estimations showed Prostitutes Ngaoundere highest ratio of FSWs in Kribi Kribi is a touristic city visited and inhabited by many Prostitutes Ngaoundere foreigners because of popular beaches.

Many large scale developmental projects are currently being implemented in Kribi, such as Prostitutes Ngaoundere port. It is possible that FSWs are going to be moving to Kribi because of these large projects.

Many Prostitutes Ngaoundere are found in the area neighboring an oil producing factory showing a concentration of FSWs. Sex work does not seem to be stigmatized in Kribi, as culturally, the population may consider this work as an actual profession. Many Prostitutes Ngaoundere scale developmental projects such as the Lom Pangar Dam are being implemented in Bertoua. There are Prostitutes Ngaoundere many operating forestry enterprises exploiting wood in that city.

Many truckers also high risk populations who transport goods from Cameroon to other Central African countries reside in Bertoua. The high Prostitutes Ngaoundere of FSWs per adult male Thus, many FSWs may use this opportunity to congregate in Bafoussam in search of clients. Our criteria used to select the cities tend to emphasize selecting cities with the greatest number of FSW and higher risk Prostitutes Ngaoundere.

This can potentially lead to bias in selecting the cities with larger populations of FSW for mapping, which can overestimate the national FSW population when generalizing from the 8 cities to the rest of the country, even taking into account population proportions. This trade-off between practical criteria to city Prostitutes Ngaoundere and generalizability has been taken into account by using the square root of adult population and logarithm of adult population Log A i as covariates in a Poisson regression; in order to avoid an exponential growth.

Odek et al. The density of FSWs per capita being very different across Prostitutes Ngaoundere in Cameroon is clearly an indication that in addition to population size, many other variables should enter into play as other predictors when estimating the size of FSWs.

Some of these variables include: a prevalence of HIV, b whether the area is urban or rural, c being a touristic site, d its economic opportunities, and e location along a major highway.

School drop-out rate in Ngaoundere in Cameroon | Comundos

Methods to deal with these other variables include stratification and multivariate Poisson. The national predicted estimate based on Prostitutes Ngaoundere level of FSWs was,—, ; nearly two percent 1. Papworth et al. The difference with the current study is in terms of methodology and age group. Unlike programmatic mapping whose methodology is based on hotspots micro levelProstitutes Ngaoundere et al. Furthermore, Papworth et al.

Since Prostitutes Ngaoundere predictions are based on estimating the model for only 26 councils for eights selected cities not on hotspots levelfits of this model could be improved if more councils were mapped.

Prostitutes Ngaoundere, Ngaoundéré, Adamaoua filles

Also because sex work is illegal, they also have fear of being arrested by the police, thus making it difficult to reach them. Data Availability: Data are legally and ethically restricted from public sharing. Vincent K.

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