Prostitutes Ilula, Find Skank in Ilula (TZ)

While having a higher average number of clients per week was significantly associated with increased odds of recent GBV in unadjusted models OR: 1. FGD, Makambako, Participant 8 Another compromise women made for their children was agreeing to anal sex.

There is this and that problemso we help her…we help each other. As a group member who has a problemwe Prostitutes Ilula to do Prostitutes Ilula to help her. We know the whereabouts of one another. So if I go any place and I am harmedthen I just get in touch with my fellows.

One will come or maybe send a motorcycle. We decided to form our own mchezo Prostitutes Ilula of this business that we are doing. The importance of having a common understanding of shared experiences among FSW within michezo was evident in the ability to relate Prostitutes Ilula and support each other through challenges with clients who Prostitutes Ilula to pay for services or experiencing violence from clients. One woman said:.

Maybe you went with a client and he hit you pretty hard. Women whose savings groups had regular meetings described the meetings as opportunities for information sharing, exchanging advice, and addressing group dynamics and community issues. One collector shared that she had begun providing group members with advice on money management.

Another collector reported that sexual health advice was shared during meetings, including encouraging condom Prostitutes Ilula with clients and HIV testing.

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One group member spoke about the challenge of sex work clients seeking lower prices at different venues in the area and reported that it was during savings group meetings that members would Prostitutes Ilula and set the prices they thought should be used by FSW across local venues. Participants reported feeling that they had little or no power to negotiate the terms of sex with clients when they knew they did not have money to meet their basic needs.

However, they unanimously reported that participating in michezo created a safety net they utilized when they had immediate financial need, thus allowing them to refuse high-risk sex with clients.

Many women articulated that knowing they had money from michezo allowed them to feel in control of being able to have Prostitutes Ilula sex with clients. They described a sense of agency to participate in decision-making in their interactions with clients which allowed them to choose when, with whom, and for how much they would provide their services.

One focus group participant captured Prostitutes Ilula group dialogue around this theme when she described how her mchezo impacted her ability to face condom negotiation challenges with clients:.

Another participant articulated the sentiment of her focus group around the difference mchezo participation can make in decision-making around unprotected sex with clients by saying:. The mchezo has helped me a lot. For exampleyou might get a clientand he will refuse using a condom. But now I Prostitutes Ilula my own decisions.

A number of women reported that when they had money from michezothey engaged in price negotiations with clients. Crystallizing this dynamic described by many, one focus group participant asserted to the group:. I will tell Prostitutes Ilula customer that 30Prostitutes Ilula is the price for the service and I mean itbecause I know I Prostitutes Ilula money Prostitutes Ilula home. Another participant reported providing clients with a set of terms of her services when Prostitutes Ilula knew she was not dependent on them for money:.

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When my customer arrivesI start negotiations at a higher price. So when he agrees with my termsthen we can get to business. While group dynamics were often described as fostering solidarity and support, participants also described tensions and exclusivity Prostitutes Ilula the FSW community that presented barriers to cohesive FSW michezo. A few participants said that strained interpersonal dynamics between FSW Prostitutes Ilula e.

However, participants overwhelmingly focused their group grievances on the characteristics of their FSW peers that made them undesirable as group members and resulted in exclusion of certain women from Prostitutes Ilula groups.

Multiple study participants expressed frustration with fellow FSW group members due to their mobility and the threat of them leaving mid-way through the payout cycle, leaving other members without their full payout. One participant described:. Others might run with the moneyas you know sex workers are mobile; after someone takes the moneyshe Prostitutes Ilula off.

Most of them from the big bars do join with those of us from the neighborhood Prostitutes Ilula, but even uswe tend to have doubts…If we give it to her at the beginning [of the rotation]she might run away.

Most of them [ michezo groups] keep her as the last one [in the rotation]. They [women from the bar] do run away. The sentiment captured in this quote that women who work in certain bars were more mobile, and thus less trustworthy, was expressed by numerous participants. Unfamiliar or unknown FSW who did not have other women to vouch for them were thus seen as undesirable potential group members. One participant described the michezo vetting process for sex workers who were not established in the area with a home or sense of permanence.

She reported:. We investigate our membersbut also our mchezo …we all know each other and we trust and understand each other. Prostitutes Ilula challenge for FSW michezo was that low and unsteady income could make it difficult for FSW to pay Prostitutes Ilula regular group contribution when it is due.

Participants explained that sometimes FSW in the group Prostitutes Ilula to meet the regular contribution and this complicated the cycle for everyone. Some collectors said they felt it was Prostitutes Ilula if members had a business or some source of Prostitutes Ilula income as assurance they would be able to pay into the group. Other collectors said that anyone was Prostitutes Ilula as long as they could meet the regular payments.

Prostitutes Ilula number of participants also complained that FSW-only savings groups were too lenient in enforcing on-time Prostitutes Ilula. This was cited as a reason to participate in mixed-member groups rather than a FSW-only mchezo.

As participants described exclusion from formal banking due to insufficient income, they explained that michezo provided them a mechanism within the community that allowed them to safely save money.

Group members and collectors alike expressed that their vision Prostitutes Ilula the future was to move their groups into a more formal capacity.

They specifically spoke about their desire to gain recognition, register their savings groups with the government, and achieve social inclusion in the broader non-FSW community. Many women wanted to register their groups with the government because they believed it would help them enforce payments by members who evade them. While many women thought that registering their groups with the government would improve group functioning by introducing more formal accountability, others were optimistic that Prostitutes Ilula would help them be recognized and respected by society.

Sex work is work like any other work. When describing their visions for michezo to gain more formal recognition and become registered entities, fear of stigma-related Prostitutes Ilula that they might face during this process did not arise in interviews or Prostitutes Ilula. Many women spoke with optimism about the future of their groups. Participants reflected on how much their groups had already grown in size and contribution amount.

They had clear ambitions for continuing to Prostitutes Ilula and grow the groups and said that registering with the government and becoming formally recognized was a natural next step.

The community savings groups explored in this study Prostitutes Ilula individual agency to reduce sexual risk behaviors and foster community empowerment among FSW in Iringa. Our findings indicate that michezo serve as an economic and psychosocial resource for FSW. More broadly, the groups enable FSW to collectively address structural Prostitutes Ilula contributing to their HIV risk and vulnerability.

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These findings are supported by previous quantitative research conducted by Prostitutes Ilula study team which identified a positive association between michezo participation and consistent condom use with new clients among FSW in Iringa [ 45 ]. The qualitative findings presented here provide an understanding of the pathways through which michezo participation contributes to reduced HIV risk behaviors among FSW in Iringa.

Participating in michezo was found to promote empowered decision-making, enabling women to more effectively navigate condom negotiation and safer Prostitutes Ilula with clients. These findings echo research from other settings which found that having access to secure savings better positions sex workers to refuse unsafe sex and negotiate condom use, and that sex worker collectives can empower women to more actively negotiate the terms of their work [ 244647 ].

Beyond enhancing individual agency, michezo foster social cohesion and collective agency, which serve as mechanisms through which community Prostitutes Ilula is achieved. This collective agency allows FSW to counter Prostitutes Ilula social and economic exclusion vis-a-vis group status. In turn, by reshaping structure, their opportunities and Prostitutes Ilula to think and act autonomously are transformed. Developing both individual and collective Prostitutes Ilula allows FSW to reshape and redefine the very structures that constrain them, challenging social order and creating new norms and relationships [ 29 ].

The need for social recognition of sex work as work, expressed by some participants, is an important indication that the process is underway for FSW to utilize their collective agency to mobilize and advocate for a voice and presence in the broader community.

This highlights the importance of programs adopting a rights-based approach which promotes both individual and community level economic empowerment.

Programs must aim to help sex workers achieve the economic power to make informed choices about their lives and to protect their sexual health [ 21 ], while also focusing on community empowerment for bringing about social and structural change for the broader FSW Prostitutes Ilula. The negative aspects of the groups highlighted by study participants raise numerous important questions that warrant further study.

Findings indicate that the overall low income and high mobility of FSW in Iringa pose challenges to FSW-only savings groups and fuel exclusion of certain women from the groups. In the aforementioned quantitative study conducted by our study team, we found among a cohort of FSW in Iringa that women who participated in michezo were more likely to be older and married [ 45 ].

Stigma Prostitutes Ilula FSW who work at modern bars and are considered transient and therefore untrustworthy as group members suggests discriminatory practices in group membership. Further research is needed to explore how the tensions discussed here create division among Prostitutes Ilula and perhaps negatively affect the community empowerment process, and in what ways these groups may be excluding the most marginalized and vulnerable FSW within the community.

Future programming to support michezo as an economic strengthening approach to reducing HIV risk among FSW in Iringa should focus on strategies for engaging younger women and overcoming barriers faced due to mobility, such as continued engagement in the groups during times of travel outside of the region such as through mobile money payments.

Limitations of this study include the potential bias introduced by using snowball sampling for participant recruitment. Prostitutes Ilula resulted in a majority of HIV-infected women participating in the interviews rather than a more balanced sample however the interview guide was designed to elicit perspectives on effects of group participation on work which provided rich data on reduced risk behaviors across HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women.

Three of the women who participated in Prostitutes Ilula IDIs were unavailable for a second interview; thus, we were not able to pursue follow-up questions and additional exploration of topics with those participants.

By design, Prostitutes Ilula study explored community savings groups with FSW who were participating in michezo at the time. It therefore lacks insight from FSW who do not participate in the groups to help understand differences between women who do Prostitutes Ilula do not participate in the groups, those who stay engaged versus those who leave the groups, and those who may be excluded from the groups.

The authors intend to explore this perspective in future research. Community savings groups are an accepted element of Tanzanian society and are commonplace in other sub-Saharan African countries and around the world.

The Prostitutes Ilula appear to naturally facilitate HIV risk reduction and offer an existing, sustainable platform for Prostitutes Ilula empowerment and engagement in HIV prevention for FSW in high prevalence settings. This has implications for Prostitutes Ilula conceptualization of public health programming for FSW and other populations of women at high risk for HIV. In forming community savings groups, FSW in Iringa are working to build financial security and create economic Prostitutes Ilula for themselves and, in their effort to do so, have exercised agency to reshape the structures that constrain them.

Their increased individual and collective agency around HIV decision-making is a result and additional benefit of that process.

The Prostitutes Ilula groups explored here underscore the need for the process of embracing protective behaviors to be stimulated and supported by communities and driven by their intentions to have their identified needs met. HIV prevention efforts should support the formation and growth of michezo as a means through which FSW can have their fundamental needs met and through which adoption of protective behaviors can naturally follow. Michezo Prostitutes Ilula other types of savings groups should be considered part of a rights-based comprehensive approach to addressing HIV among FSW.

Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Methods Study setting The Iringa region is bifurcated by a major transport corridor, the Tanania-Zambia highway. Recruitment Between April and February Prostitutes Ilula, we conducted 27 in-depth interviews IDIs with 15 FSW over time and 4 focus group discussions FGDs with 35 FSW whoc participate in michezoas well as 10 key informant interviews KIIs with group collectors, those tasked with collecting and holding the group money, in the Iringa region.

Prostitutes Ilula PPT. Table 1. Data collection All data collection was conducted in Swahili by a female, Tanzanian study staff member trained in qualitative research methods who had extensive experience working with FSW in Iringa. Data analysis Qualitative analysis was conducted using an iterative thematic analysis approach both drawing on a priori codes and allowing for emergent codes and themes [ 40 Prostitutes Ilula, 41 ]. Prostitutes Ilula Building on prior formative work in Iringa which Prostitutes Ilula the use of michezo among FSW in the region [ 36 ], the current study clarified savings group structure and operations.

Community Prostitutes Ilula and led Participants described michezo as forming organically among community members with varying composition—women only, exclusively FSW often organized within sex work venues, or mixed community members including both men and women. Recognizing the occupational realities of HIV risk and aging out of sex work, one woman who started a group with her colleagues explained: I called [my fellow FSW] and we sat at the table.

Financial and social support Participants saw michezo as necessary to being able to financially support themselves and their families. Solidarity and collectivism Many participants described the groups as a network of people who care for one another in times of need, including collecting additional money to help members cover the cost Prostitutes Ilula unexpected hospital bills, medication, and funerals, or even providing support for cooking and other household chores when another member falls ill.

One collector spoke about the need for michezo in order for FSW to be Prostitutes Ilula to help each other through the challenges they faced in their work: In our groupwe sat and thoughtbecause we all do our Prostitutes Ilula differently.

One woman said: Maybe you went with a client and he hit you pretty hard. Group participation and HIV risk Participants reported feeling that they had little or no power to negotiate the terms of Prostitutes Ilula with clients when they knew they did not have money to meet their basic needs.

Crystallizing this dynamic described by many, one focus group participant asserted to the group: I will tell the customer that 30Tsh is the price for the service and I mean itbecause I know I have money at home.

Tensions and group exclusivity While group dynamics were often described as fostering solidarity and support, participants also described tensions and exclusivity within the FSW community that presented barriers to cohesive FSW michezo. One participant described: Others might run with the moneyas you know sex workers are mobile; after someone takes the moneyshe runs off. She reported: We investigate our membersbut also our mchezo …we all know Prostitutes Ilula other and we trust and understand each other.

Moving towards social and economic inclusion As participants described exclusion from formal banking due to insufficient income, they explained that michezo provided them a mechanism within the community that allowed them to safely save money.

Discussion The community savings groups explored in this study promote individual agency to reduce sexual risk behaviors Prostitutes Ilula foster community empowerment among FSW in Iringa.

Conclusions Community savings groups are Prostitutes Ilula accepted element of Tanzanian society and are commonplace in other sub-Saharan African countries and around the world. References 1. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious diseases. Washington, DC: World Bank; Global journal of health science. An integrated structural intervention to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Prostitutes Ilula sex workers in Karnataka state, south India.

BMC public health. Prostitutes Ilula W. International Transport Workers' Federation. View Article Google Scholar 7. Oyefara JL. View Article Google Scholar 8. Socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review. AIDS and behavior.

Room for change: preventing HIV transmission in brothels. A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up. View Article Google Scholar BMC women's health. Public Health Reports. The lives of female sex workers in Vietnam: Findings from a qualitative study. Indicators of mobility, socio-economic vulnerabilities and HIV risk behaviours among mobile female sex workers in India.

Risks, benefits and survival strategies-views from female sex workers in Savannakhet, Laos. Agha S, Chulu Nchima M. Life-circumstances, working conditions and HIV risk among street and nightclub-based sex workers in Lusaka, Zambia. Onyeneho NG. Tanzania journal of health research. Moret W. Economic strengthening for Female Sex Workers: A review of the literature.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Mobilizing collective identity to reduce HIV risk among sex workers in Sonagachi, India: Prostitutes Ilula boundaries, consciousness, negotiation framework. The Sonagachi Project: a sustainable community intervention program. Empowering sex workers in India to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Pragati: an empowerment programme for female sex workers in Bangalore, India. Global health action. Reduction in STIs in an empowerment intervention programme for female sex workers in Bangalore, India: the Pragati programme.

Sofia twice experienced intended childbearing with a client, Prostitutes Ilula by denial of paternity. Both times she thought she had Prostitutes Ilula a man she could settle down with, only to be left with a pregnancy she had Prostitutes Ilula care for alone. In cases like these, many women consider or complete termination of the pregnancies, but sometimes, as was the case for Sofia, the pregnancy was already late term.

Both times, she bore and lost premature infants. Prostitutes Ilula three women who disclosed that they were HIV-positive related various pregnancy experiences and potential associated health risks. Serafina had a regular client who wanted her to become pregnant, though she refused to do so and used birth control but not condoms IDIage 28; baaMakambako; 3 pregnancies, 2 children. Mlamka had recently had a child with a regular client, was breastfeeding, and was not receiving antiretroviral therapy ART ; although she believed the father infected her with HIV, she continued to see him IDIage 30; kilabu, Iringa; 4 pregnancies, 3 children.

Finally, Mwajuma expressed a desire to become pregnant; she had one child already and wanted a second. Before learning she was HIV-positive, she used to have unprotected sex with casual clients, hoping for another child. One of her regular clients, a married man, visited Prostitutes Ilula a couple of times Prostitutes Ilula month, and they did not use condoms or any other form of birth control.

She worried that she was destined to have only one child but nevertheless hoped for another IDI Prostitutes Ilula, age 34; kilabu, Iringa; 1 pregnancy, 1 child. As sex workers and unmarried women, they sometimes faced discrimination and denial of care.

Many of them also had developed strategies to surmount Prostitutes Ilula obstacles to ANC services. Sofia related:. They [FSWs] are treated like regular people. Women dressed this way because they feared health care workers would automatically assume sex workers were HIV-positive and refer them directly to care and treatment centers, rather than provide them with ANC or Prostitutes Ilula whether they required any other health services.

One woman explained:. Straight away they direct you Prostitutes Ilula the HIV [treatment clinic] Over there, they do not give you any services at all other than AIDS tests [e. They think straight away you are infected. Oh, sometimes women who do sex work [udada poa] are separated because they are known as really deviant [wahuni sana].

IDIage 31; multiple sites, Ilula; 2 pregnancies, 3 children. In addition to the stigma and discrimination they potentially faced as sex workers, women reported being refused services during pregnancy, including HIV testing, if they did not bring their husbands to the ANC clinic.

A woman explained:. These days, you cannot carry a pregnancy Prostitutes Ilula the father not around, because if you are pregnant and Prostitutes Ilula to the clinic they do not test you [for HIV]. Sofia stated that this difficulty led some FSWs to avoid ANC services completely, delaying care-seeking until they were in labor. According to her, this led to substandard care and stigmatization:. Since these days the clinic does not enroll you without your husband when you go to be issued an [ANC] card If you are open, you are enrolled.

But if you hide [your occupation], you cannot be enrolled. You will wait until you are in labor pains, and then you will be enrolled. Even if you are enrolled, you will not be served like if you had been issued a card at the beginning. That is, you will be stigmatized a certain amount because you were not open from the beginning. If you are open, you Prostitutes Ilula receive all services. You will not Prostitutes Ilula accepted like a woman who came with her husband.

Meaning you will be stigmatized Prostitutes Ilula kunyanyapaliwa ] and you will not get those services. Not until you deliver. FGDParticipant 3, Ilula. Some women Prostitutes Ilula to deceive health care workers about their nonexistent husbands, so they could get care.

As Johanna recalled:. In the past there was no asking about your husband and what not. Maybe you find another way, saying he is traveling and went far away. IDIage 28; kilabu, Makambako; 3 pregnancies, 2 children.

One explained:. When we are enrolled, we are tested and everything, and Prostitutes Ilula continue on in care until delivery. FGDParticipant 5, Prostitutes Ilula. You will not be given services without implementing this. Of particular concern are the risky circumstances in which some women reported seeking to become pregnant, including having unprotected sex with both regular and casual clients.

Especially concerning is the finding that FSWs reported substandard care and denial of care at ANC clinics, both because they were sex workers and because they were not married.

All of these circumstances have health implications for the women, their pregnancies, and their partners and clients. Pregnancy is also a way Prostitutes Ilula avoid the stigma of infertility, which is strong in Tanzania Kielmann ; Hollos and Larsen The women in Prostitutes Ilula study achieved some level of respectability as mothers, which helped to overcome the stigma they faced as sex workers Beckham et Prostitutes Ilula.

Pregnancy was also seen as a way to secure long-term relationships or greater financial security. Through their children, women can make claims to inheritance, property, and social capital, even long after the sexual relationship with the father ends Guyer The women in our study may have been engaging in this kind of process whereby childbearing with multiple men was a potentially advantageous strategy.

At the time of this study, there were neither clinical services nor national guidelines in Tanzania for health care workers to meet the specific medical needs Prostitutes Ilula FSWs. Women reported only rarely disclosing their occupation to health care workers, which precluded such tailored Prostitutes Ilula for this high-risk population. This hesitancy on the part Prostitutes Ilula FSWs was likely due to societal stigma against sex workers and the criminalized status of sex work. However, this four-prong model, as well as efforts to integrate HIV and reproductive health care Kennedy et al.

The difficulties FSWs reported in accessing ANC care in this study highlight the need to ensure equitable access to these and other services. Furthermore, reproductive health programs could better tailor their services to include women who are not married, who may have multiple partners, and who are seeking to become pregnant. Additionally, programs for FSWs could help them develop skills to discuss health risks with their clients and could include integrated family planning services.

These programs could promote a wider variety of methods, such as Prostitutes Ilula barrier methods that could be used with some partners but not others with whom they would Prostitutes Ilula to have children.

According to participants, this requirement for a husband was new. It was likely a result of the policy of the Prostitutes Ilula of Health and Social Welfare of provider-initiated opt-out testing for all pregnant women, which includes guidelines to encourage—but not require—an accompanying partner TMoHSW When presented with this information, regional officials were alarmed that the policy had been misinterpreted in this way at individual health facilities.

Evidence for the health benefits of couples-oriented services also exists Aluisio et al. In the future, guidelines Prostitutes Ilula be clarified to address this issue, and practitioners should be sensitized to the specific circumstances in which couples Prostitutes Ilula is or is not appropriate. This study had limitations. Because our research included only one village Kilolowe cannot comment on differences between rural and urban Prostitutes Ilula, which may especially affect experiences with health services.

However, the quotes presented here represent a variety of reasons why female sex workers intend to get pregnant, providing insight into complex dynamics that need not be limited to current intentions. The cross-sectional data also did not allow for time to build rapport with Prostitutes Ilula respondents, which can Prostitutes Ilula issues such as social desirability bias. However, the interviewer was highly trained and has a degree in counseling, which helped women be open and comfortable in sharing information about stigmatized behaviors.

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Another Prostitutes Ilula is that the Prostitutes Ilula included only a small number of women who had never had children, and only three who disclosed they were HIV-positive, limiting the ability to compare differences between these subgroups.

Further research could specifically target these groups. Another limitation of this study is that experiences with ANC care were self-reported by the women, and no observations were made to ascertain interaction with health care workers. Prostitutes Ilula, the data collection used an iterative approach to interviewing, meaning some questions were adapted and added over time and were thus not asked of all participants.

Recent research examines Prostitutes Ilula prevention among female sex workers, but FSWs also seek and desire pregnancy, sometimes in ways that increase their risk of infection. Thus, their reproductive health needs extend beyond Prostitutes Ilula. The health system could benefit from sensitization training for health care workers and national guidelines for health care services for FSWs.

Community mobilization and empowerment interventions Kerrigan et al. The authors acknowledge Haneefa Saleem and Justin Beckham for their Prostitutes Ilula on drafts of the manuscript.

In general, a client pays for each individual sexual encounter, while a partner provides resources in a more generalized way, and probably but not necessarily has a romantic attachment as well.

Hutapewa huduma bila kutekeleza hili. Sarah W. Catherine R. Peter J. Deanna L. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. Stud Fam Plann. Author manuscript; available in PMC Apr Beckham Prostitutes Ilula, Catherine R. KerriganAssociate Professor. Find articles by Sarah W. Find articles by Catherine R. Find articles by Chris Beyrer. Find articles by Deanna L. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Stud Fam Plann.

See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Prostitutes Ilula Understanding the pregnancy experiences of female sex workers FSWsespecially in the context of high rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections STIsis essential to tailoring services Prostitutes Ilula meet their Prostitutes Ilula.

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NOTE: Percentages may not sum to due to rounding. Characteristic n Percent Mean Median Lifetime pregnancies 2.

NOTE: Percentages may not total due to rounding. Experiences with Intended Pregnancy The experiences and comments presented below demonstrate a variety of circumstances in which FSWs might choose to become pregnant. She explained: My other [child], the boy—truly I just decided myself IDIage 34; multiple sites, Ilula; 3 pregnancies, 2 children Mlamka, a mother of three, explained how other FSWs sought pregnancy for a chance to have families: Some [FSWs] Prostitutes Ilula wanted to have children.

IDIage 24; kilabu, Iringa; 2 pregnancies, 2 children Several women referred to the status and respect women gain as mothers. Naiwa, a mother of three, elaborated: When you are called Mama, it is great praise. Chuki told about selective condom and contraceptive use to try to get pregnant with a certain man: I try very hard to use condoms, but for right now IDIage 38; kilabu and baa, Makambako; 3 pregnancies, 3 children Such strategic childbearing did not always turn out well for the women, however.

One woman said: There are some [who intend Prostitutes Ilula, yes, like if a Prostitutes Ilula has deceived you [kudanganya]. Prostitutes Ilula asked about such an experience, Sofia related: The day that I will never forget in my life is the day we planned, we discussed with Prostitutes Ilula other, that I should get pregnant, and then later he turned away from me.

IDIage 26; baa, Iringa; 2 pregnancies, 0 children Prostitutes Ilula twice experienced intended childbearing with a client, followed by denial of paternity.

Sofia related: They [FSWs] are treated like regular people. One woman explained: Straight away they direct you to the HIV [treatment clinic] A woman explained: These days, you cannot carry a pregnancy with the father not around, because if you are pregnant and go to the Prostitutes Ilula they do not Prostitutes Ilula you [for Prostitutes Ilula.

According to her, this led to substandard care and stigmatization: Since these days the clinic does not enroll you without your husband when you go to be issued an [ANC] card IDIage 26; baa, Iringa; 2 pregnancies, 0 children A Prostitutes Ilula from another town also reported discrimination at the ANC clinic: You will not be accepted like a woman who Prostitutes Ilula with her husband.

FGDParticipant 3, Ilula Some women attempted to deceive health care workers about their nonexistent husbands, so they could get care. As Johanna recalled: In the past there was no asking about your husband and what not. Footnotes 1 Various forms of marriage exist in Tanzania, including common law, religious, and traditional.

Contributor Information Sarah W. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Research Brief: Female Sex Workers. Accessed 10 Jan London: Sage Publications. Oxford University Press, pp. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. Accessed 19 June Cambridge University Press, pp. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research2nd edition. Laughing on the Outside, Crying on the Inside2nd edition.

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Stein, J. AIDS Behav ; 16 : — 9.

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