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The advent of Louis XVI signalled the return of repression. In looking for the cause of such a terrible turn Prostitutes Partille afairs, he pointed to the deleterious efects of westernisation, and particularly the practice of young members of the Indonesian intelligentsia to travel the world, partaking of forbidden pleasures and bringing sickness home as their souvenir, which they https://kolotilovspb.ru/croatia/prostitutes-virovitica.php share with their friends and family in Indonesia. Jobs have opened for women in manufacturing, clerical activities, sales, hotels and restaurants, and domestic Prostitutes Partille.

With the dispute escalating, President Georges Clemenceau sent a memo to Gen. Pershing offering a compromise: American medical authorities would control designated brothels operated solely for American soldiers. Pershing passed the proposal to Raymond Fosdickwho gave Prostitutes Partille to Secretary Baker. Upon receiving it, Baker responded: "For God's sake, Raymond, don't show this to the president or he'll stop the war.

But this merely highlighted US differential racial policy, as all black troops were required by US Army regulations to undertake prophylaxis when returning from leave, whether or not they acknowledged sexual contact. However, after the signing of Prostitutes Partille ArmisticeProstitutes Partille the US Army could no longer plead military necessity as grounds Prostitutes Partille curtailing leave, VD rates among US Army troops Prostitutes Partille up.

During the German occupation of Francetwenty top Paris maisonsincluding le Chabanaisle Sphinx and le One-Two-Twowere reserved by Prostitutes Partille Wehrmacht for German officers and collaborating Frenchmen. After the war, Marthe Richarda town councillor in Paris and former street prostitute, successfully campaigned for the closure of all "maisons".

As a result, the legal brothels were closed. This serves as a plot point in the first Prostitutes Partille Bond novel, Casino Royale. However, prostitution remained a legal activity, with only its organization and "exploitation" pimping forbidden. This ended a system in existence Prostitutes Partillewhich effectively made prostitutes less visible without suppressing Prostitutes Partille trade, and thus preservied "public morality".

Roughly 20, women were affected by this law, and approximately 1, houses were closed. Critics of French prostitution policy, such as Mouvement du Nidquestion how effective this was, its implementation, and whether it really closed the "maisons". For instance, they point to the presence of military brothels in Algeria till It is under the direction of the Minister of the Interior. France became officially " abolitionist " in when it ratified the UN Convention on the Suppression of Trafficking and the Exploitation of Prostitution.

In the debates over prostitution in France, "abolition" was used to refer to both the abolition of laws and regulations that make any distinction between someone involved in prostitution and the general population, and the abolition of prostitution itself.

At that time, police files on prostitutes were finally destroyed. Exceptions were the demonstrations of prostitutes rights movements against Prostitutes Partille harassment inand periodic calls by individual politicians for re-opening the "maisons" see Maisons closes below.

State Prostitutes Partille has been built on Prostitutes Partille principles - criminalization, and support. Criminalization of the exploitation brothels, procuring, pimping of prostitution, and support and re-integration for those exiting. However, the latter attracted few funds, and was largely left to charitable NGOs. Only a single position Prostitutes Partille the Department of Social Services had responsibility for this part of policy and funding.

In the new Penal Code, pimping became a serious offence if associated with organized crime or barbarity, and overall was defined Prostitutes Partille three levels of severity with increasing fines, and prison sentences from five years up to life imprisonment.

Clients were only criminalized if purchasing from minors under 15 years of age. Insex tourism was Prostitutes Partille if offences Prostitutes Partille minors were committed by French residents outside France. In the s, France became increasingly assertive internationally as a champion of abolitionism, opposing moves towards liberalization and regulation by the Netherlands and the International Labour Organization.

French policy emphasised, along with the International Convention, that the real evil was prostitution, not trafficking, defined as an "accompanying evil". Active solicitation was also Prostitutes Partille in the late s. In the first six months after the law was enacted, men were prosecuted for purchasing sexual acts. It is legal for a man or woman to be a prostitute and sell sexual acts. Prostitutes pay taxes as other independent activities. Owning or operating a brothel is illegal.

France Prostitutes Partille an "abolitionist" Prostitutes Partille - its public policy is the prohibition and eradication of prostitution; however, at the same time, it considers that making it illegal to offer sexual acts in Prostitutes Partille for goods or services in the context of one's private life is a violation of individual liberty. The issue has been prominent on the French political agenda since the late s, responding to international pressures on child prostitution Prostitutes Partille pornography and traffickinginternational distinctions between forced and voluntary entry into prostitution rejected by the dominant "abolitionist" discourse and increasing migration.

The Jospin construction was that prostitutes were victims and needed to be saved and re-integrated.

This was heightened in when Jean-Pierre Raffarin 's right-wing government — succeeded the Gauche Plurielle plural left coalition of Lionel Jospin — The Jospin construction was that prostitutes were victims and needed to be saved and re-integrated. This was a view shared by state feministsministers, delegates, and the powerful abolitionist lobby, and is reflected in the Derycke report as well as the National Commission on Violence Prostitutes Partille Women, [36] as well as the debates on modern slavery esclavage moderne.

Very few of these constructed prostitution as a legitimate form of work. Prostitutes Partille the municipal level, there was evidence of prostitutes being constructed as public nuisances that needed to be confined, and many mayors of both political groups responded to citizen groups to introduce by-laws restricting prostitutes' activities in early Prostitutes Partille This was fuelled by an apparent increased visibility.

The commitment to abolitionism prevented specific laws aimed at prostitution which would have been seen as regulation initially, so they often used traffic and parking by-laws to drive out workers, which ultimately mean that they were moved Prostitutes Partille well-lit busy areas to much more unsafe areas.

As the discourse shifted from abolitionism to security, so did more Prostitutes Partille laws and regulations. This disquiet enabled Nicolas Sarkozy to later mobilize public anxiety about security evident in the elections that Prostitutes Partille in his Domestic Security bill.

The cultural context is the concept of gender equality as stated in the preamble to the and constitution and Prostitutes Partille had seen an increasing momentum of political gains for women, including the establishment of a women's policy agency in and a ministry of women's rights Prostitutes Partille However, a significant gap still exists in terms of economic and employment opportunities. Meanwhile, immigration policies have become increasingly restrictive, and soliciting can result in the removal of a migrant's work permit.

History of prostitution in France - Wikipedia

The vague language is due to the fact that such measures remain controversial in the Socialist Party. InChantal Brunelan MP in Sarkozy's ruling right-wing UMP Prostitutes Partille, and newly appointed head of the Prostitutes Partille office, Prostitutes Partille called for legalizing and regulating maisons closes brothelssee Maisons closes, below akin to the situation in several surrounding countries, claiming that this would make the sex trade safer and Prostitutes Partille.

This caused considerable discussion. Instead, they demand the repeal of the law outlawing solication, [54] [55] a demand that Chantal Brunel also supports. In JuneProstitutes Partille socialist women's minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem announced that she wanted to abolish prostitution in France and in Europe. State feminists dominated the discourse in the left-wing Jospin years, pursuing an anti-male-violence campaign.

This influence has waned under the security agenda of the succeeding right-wing governments, but is still evident in the Prostitutes Partille political thinking, as stated in Marie-Jo Zimmermann 's UMP report to the Delegation on Women's Rights on prostitution [57] in which she echoes the left Prostitutes Partille sentiment that the purchase of sex constitutes violence. The pervasiveness of this thinking is even found in the budget.

As in many other countries, debates on the nature and regulation of transactional sex are highly polarized. These positions are the familiar ones that define sex work as violence against women on the one hand, and those who see the problem as stigmatisation and poor working conditions on the Prostitutes Partille.

These result in proposals for either the eradication of prostitution, or social reforms. The dominant abolitionist faction consists of Catholics, family values Prostitutes Partille and sections within feminism and the left. This resulted from a close fit between the government position and the dominant socio-political discourse, making it acceptable to a broad coalition that included abolitionists, secular and religious NGOs, politicians from both ends of the political spectrum, and most French feminists.

This was so dominant under the Prostitutes Partille years as to appear normative and non-ideological [59] and above any philosophical debate.

In the s, a number of changes shifted the focus of debates. Prostitutes Partille included an increasing globalization of movements on both parts of the debate, Prostitutes Partille and the Netherlands were moving to change their legislation in two distinct and different directions, there was political instability in Eastern Europe and there was also increasing concern about AIDSwhile state feminists were also playing an increasing part in policy debates.

There were however occasional dissenting voices such as the debate in Le Nouvel Observateur insparked by the Dutch Prostitutes Partille. A manifestation of abolitionism was the declaration of 18 Maypublished in the centre-left Le Nouvel Observateurcalled " Le corps n'est pas une marchandise " "The body is not a commodity". This was signed by 35 prominent citizens, and demanded that France and Europe affirm their commitment to the abolition of prostitution, resulting in a debate covering many aspects of the subject, such as choice, autonomy, voice, and agency.

La Prostitution aujourd'hui [66] organized Prostitutes Partille Fondation Jean-et-Jeanne-Scelles [ fr ] Fondation Scelles[67] an abolitionist NGO, which also Prostitutes Partille Le livre noir de la prostitutiona strongly worded attack on the subject of prostitution.

Incases of pimping were tried, and sentenced to prison. Generally the judiciary were satisfied with the existing legislation, [32] although also saw the creation of a new unit of the Judicial Police Prostitutes Partille information technology Prostitutes Partille combat pimping and trafficking.

Transnational operators proved a problem to the police. The report of the Delegation named after its author, Senator Dinah Derycke — [32] [70] was critical of what it saw as the lack of Prostitutes Partille in the fight against prostitution, mainly the difference between France's official abolitionist position and what was occurring in practice. Although the report received a favourable reception in parliament initially, its Prostitutes Partille impact was limited.

Senator Derycke retired due Prostitutes Partille ill health and died soon after, while other pressures diverted the debate into other related measures, such as organized crime and trafficking and 'modern slavery'. Outside parliament, Prostitutes Partille was a new activism and demand for action, led by Bus des femmes.

However, the new Prostitutes Partille government elected in Jean-Pierre Raffarin was to completely change the way prostitution was perceived see below. Criticism of the dominant discourse came from prostitute' rights advocates, health associations, such as Cabiria Lyons[73] AIDS groups, Prostitutes Partille some activists who complained that sex workers were being treated paternalistically and denied voice and moral agency.

They demanded eradication of stigma and restoration of rights, access to health and social services, and better "working conditions". All parties claimed they spoke Prostitutes Partille behalf of and for sex workers, and shared Prostitutes Partille concern for their Prostitutes Partille, while denying their opponents did.

The catch-cry of "to save the Republic" worked in the favour of the right and President Jacques Chirac and Jean-Pierre Raffarin who came to power as Prime Minister that year. In justifying these measures, Sarkozy claimed large segments of the population were exposed to "anxiety and legitimate exasperation". Article 42 addressed the protection of women in prostitution, considered victims of exploitation, and these were amplified by the Minister for Equality in the Workplace, Nicole Ameline — Sarkozy stated that the poor supported a tough crime agenda and that the general population wanted a stronger stand on law and order.

Passive solicitation had been previously decriminalized by another right-wing government, that of Balladur in Proposed Article removed the necessity of the police having evidence of soliciting, allowing 'dress or posture' to be sufficient.

He explained that it was inconvenient for the police to have to obtain evidence of active soliciting. In the Senate, a Government amendment subsequently deleted reference to dress after a Prostitutes Partille outcry. Prostitutes Partille, the new legislation allowed for foreigners to have their permits revoked for disturbing public order, allowing deportation to become a penalty for solicitation active or passiveeven if they were legal Prostitutes Partille.

It addressed trafficking, by defining it and attached penalties. In the case of alleged victims of trafficking, collaboration allowed them to Prostitutes Partille and work till their case was heard.

Prostitution in France

If an exploiters were convicted Article 76they could then receive permanent residence. Finally, article 52 allowed for annual reports to be published on prostitution in France, from onwards. Reactions Prostitutes Partille demonstrations and petitions. Prostitutes Partille the Senate, the measures were seen to be street Prostitutes Partille, rather than addressing the causes of social problems and social exclusionand that reconstructing prostitution as a law and order issue would merely drive it underground, depriving sex workers from access to services, and damaging AIDS campaigns.

It was noted that there was no action to deal with organized crime or those who might be exploiting sex workers. The issue of passive solicitation caused particular concern since it could mean that any woman could be arrested Prostitutes Partille the way she dressed, and it was particularly hard to define.

The judiciary Prostitutes Partille equally unhappy with evidence that solely consisted of police testimony and were reluctant to convict. The trafficking policy seemed more aimed at the Prostitutes Partille of borders than at actual Prostitutes Partille, while migrant sex workers appeared to be particularly discriminated against, since they were simultaneously 'rescued' and deported without in any way addressing their vulnerability.

Calls for aiming trafficking policy at traffickers rather than sex workers came from the Senate Law Commission, the Delegations for Women's Rights in the Senate and National Assembly, as well as from the opposition. In the Senate hearings into prostitution that year, Claude Boucher of Bus des Femmesa Prostitutes Partille worker support group, described how sex Prostitutes Partille sell sex to survive, unable to make ends meet on social security Prostitutes Partille the minimum wage.

To treat them as criminals, she argued, would just make them more vulnerable. Sarkozy did not attempt to produce a comprehensive policy on prostitution, but rather a quick fix, addressing immediate concerns of voters in terms of visibility.

This avoided inconveniencing the middle-class clients, who might have created more opposition. The governmental policy tended to portray all immigrant women in prostitution, the most vulnerable, as victims of trafficking and exploitation, and Prostitutes Partille pimps as "foreigners". Inthe police dismantled many trafficking networks, mainly involving Eastern Europe and Africa.

The effects were largely those of displacement, pushing their activities into isolated areas, and the 3—7am timeslot, isolated them from service agencies, exposed them to violence and destroyed the historical working relationship with the police. Prostitutes Partille "rescuing" these victims of trafficking and returning them home, he proposed to solve the situation. I hope that these women will have a better future than facing degrading encounters night after night".

In drawing this distinction, Sarkozy made frequent reference to the inability to speak French, constructing the issue as a defense of French. He suggested that this made them vulnerable to exploitation, and that the police would take them home. This last point became a target of those who believed they were being sent back to the conditions that made them leave in the first place.

Prostitutes Petropolis, Prostitutes in Petropolis (BR)

Changes to trafficking policy in were more influenced by European and international influence than domestic concerns, Prostitutes Partille trafficking was finally defined as Prostitutes Partille as giving victims residence permits in exchange for testimony. Critics doubted the practicality or whether the benefits were equally distributed between the women and the authorities, an expression of the tension between human rights and public security.

In AprilSenator Prostitutes Partille Borvo PCF attempted to introduce a private bill to repeal the Sarkozy law, arguing that it had been ineffective, and turned victims into criminals. The framework was very similar to the Deryck report, depicting prostitution as violence rather than law and order, and seeking punishment of exploiters, but also measures for prevention and support.

The sale of sexual acts means women's bodies are made available for men, independently of the wishes of those women. In October and NovemberFrench lawmakers began debating a proposal to punish customers of prostitution. Within the National Assembly, most of those who supported the bill were MPs from the Socialist Partywhich dominated the house. Critics [] say most of the frames nuisance, victim, deviant, security threat in which sex work is discussed in France are constructed without the input of sex workers Prostitutes Partille are depicted as voiceless and agencyless.

CSA, [] a polling organization, has carried out several surveys on prostitution in Prostitutes Partille. A telephone survey analyzed French attitudes about prostitution. When analyzed and broken down by age and gender, the survey showed that some Prostitutes Partille gave contradictory answers: For example, some people appeared to favor both Prostitutes Partille re-opening of the Prostitutes Partille brothels and the interdiction of all forms of prostitution probably believing that both solutions would work, as the survey showed Prostitutes Partille most people were dissatisfied with the existing legal situation.

Older people and men were more accepting of the idea of having legalized brothels. Studies from estimated that about Prostitutes Partille, — 20, women work as prostitutes in France. Sex work in France, like other countries takes many forms.

These include street Prostitutes Partilleescort servicesbars, and apartment prostitution. Street prostitution is partly controlled by pimps, while other workers are autonomous prostitutes. In some areas, such as Lyon or the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, sex workers use vans see illustration.

Escort services where Prostitutes Partille hires a woman or man for "entertainment" or Prostitutes Partille, but usually including sex, are less common in France, compared to North America. In barswomen try Prostitutes Partille induce men to buy expensive drinks along with sexual acts.

Prices are set by the bar owner, and the money is shared between the owner and the prostitute. Pigalle peepshows are well known Prostitutes Partille practicing such scams. Prostitution in apartments is advertised in adult newspapers and magazines.

Swingers' clubs are places where partner-swapping occurs and sometimes paid prostitutes are in attendance, as well as "amateur" women and couples who get in without paying the flat-rate charge of about 80 to euros that men pay, including food, drink and unlimited sex sessions, with the added twist that these are performed in the open in full view of all the Prostitutes Partille.

Brothels Maisons closes remain illegal, but operate discreetly and clandestinely. Since their official closure inthere have been periodic calls for their re-opening. A proposal by Chantal Brunel for a return to regulated brothels was opposed by French sex workers see Politics, above.

Prostitutes Partille, Spain has exploited the difference between the two countries by opening brothels along the French-Spanish border. Nicolas Sarkozy recognized that the traditional sex worker was part of France's national cultural heritage. It exhibits Polissons et galipettesa collection of short erotic silent movies that were used to entertain brothel visitors, and copies of Le Guide Rosea contemporary brothel guide that also carried advertising.

An exhibition about historical Paris brothels took place from November to January in an art gallery across the street from the former Le Chabanais. France is a destination, transit, and a limited source country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking.

Sex trafficking networks controlled by Nigerians, Bulgarians, RomaniansChinese, and French citizens force women into prostitution through debt bondagephysical force, and psychological coercion, including the invocation Prostitutes Partille voodoo and drug addiction. The number of Prostitutes Partille exploited in Prostitutes Partille sex has increased in recent years. The government estimates the majority of the 30, people in prostitution in France, about 90 percent of whom are foreign, are Prostitutes Partille trafficking victims.

Download Free PDF. Terence Hull. Download PDF. A short summary of this paper. On Prostitutes Partille surface of social discourse, the sale of sexual services is almost universally condemned.

Particular criticism is levelled at women engaged in such transactions. In contrast litle is said about the men who are their customers. From time to time feminists and religious moralists atempt to focus atention on pria tuna susila men without moralsbut the terminology has always failed to capture the popular imagination. In this context prostitution in Indonesia is full of contradictions.

Hull legal status of great ambiguity, the institutions of prostitution are oten owned by governments, managed by former government oicials, and subject to both regu- lation and taxation. Prostitution in Indonesia difers greatly in form, social seting and operation from those commercial sex institutions of hailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, and also displays many important regional variations.

The Commoditization Prostitutes Partille Women in Indonesian History he origins of modern prostitution in Indonesia Prostitutes Partille be traced back to the time of Javanese kingdoms in which the commoditization of women was an integral part of the feudal system. Two of the most powerful and lasting Javanese kingdoms were formed inwhen the kingdom of Mataram was divided into two: the Kesunanan Surakarta and Kesultanan Yogyakarta.

Prostitutes Partille was a Javanese-Isla- mic kingdom located in the southern hinterland of central Java. In this period the Javanese concept of authority of the king was described Moedjanto as a power that was agung-binatara grand and powerful.

In the case of women, this was an atribution which was oten taken quite literally. Some Prostitutes Partille the selir were daughters of noblemen given to the king as a token of their loyalty; others were tributes from other kingdoms; and Prostitutes Partille were lower-class Prostitutes Partille sold or given over by their families to take minor positions in the royal household. Such women could achieve higher status by producing Prostitutes Partille for the king.

Each of the Prostitutes Partille courts drew selir from parti- cular regions, which came to be noted for the production of beautiful and alluring women. Such regional reputations have survived in folklore to the present day. Koentjoro 3 identiies eleven Kabupaten Regencies in Java which contain communities famous in history as sources of women for the courts, and today noted as sources of urban prostitutes. From the point of view of physical strength, Prostitutes Partille taking of many selir meant a rapid reproduction of princely power and the proof of spiritual superiority.

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In giving out his sisters or daughters to the regents or other high oicials, the king was Prostitutes Partille by the same desire to marshal power as was relected in his own acquisition of a great number of selir: that is, to Prostitutes Partille his political support and to develop his grandeur and power. While commoner men were permited by the Moslem religion to take up to four wives, economics prevented most of them from polygamy while their social status prevented them from taking selir.

In Bali a low-caste widow without strong family supports automatically became the property of the king. If he chose not to incorporate her into his household, she was sent to the countryside to operate as a prostitute.

A share of her income was to be regularly returned to the king Prostitutes Partille Feudal systems did not contain the fully commercialised sex industry which we associate with Prostitutes Partille industrial societies, but they did provide the foundation for the industry through the identiication of the value of women as commodities to be exchanged and accumulated in the constant male quest for power and wealth.

The Commercialisation of Sex during the Colonial Period he more organised forms of the sex industry expanded greatly during the Dutch colonial period. Traditional systems of slavery and concubinage were adapted to the needs and mores of the European communities Prostitutes Partille established in port areas of the archipelago, with sexual gratiication of soldiers, traders and emissaries becoming one of the priority issues in the clash of alien cultures.

Prostitutes Partille the outset this issue posed many dilemmas for natives and Europeans alike. On the one hand, large numbers of single men brought to Indonesia by the colonial businesses and governments produced a demand for domestic and sexual services, which was readily satisied by families with saleable daughters and women seeking material beneit from the newcomers.

On the other hand, both the native and the colonial communities perceived dangers in unregulated interracial liaisons. Formal marriage was discouraged or forbidden, and interracial concubinage was frowned upon but accepted as a tacit necessity. In this context unstable and inequitable cohabitations and outright commercial relationships were Prostitutes Partille available to European men, and tolerated by their leaders. Hull his situation set Indonesian women in an invidious Prostitutes Partille and subjected them to many disadvantages with regard to the law, community disapprobation and personal welfare and Prostitutes Partille.

If such a woman was found to have a disease she was required to cease her Prostitutes Partille immediately, and be isolated in an Prostitutes Partille inrigting voor zieke publieke vrouwen established for the care and treatment of infected women. To aid the police in the management of the sex Prostitutes Partille, prostitutes were encouraged to operate in brothels, as much as possible.

Unfortunately, the wording of the law confused many in the government and the sex industry, and in a further clariication was issued to say that the act should not Prostitutes Partille interpreted Prostitutes Partille having legitimised brothels as commercial institu- tions.

Two decades later the responsibility for supervising brothels was shited from the central to the regional governments; the central government regulations were efectively repealed, to be replaced by local regulations.

Venereal disease was among the most serious of the consequences worrying regional governments, but the shortage of physicians, and the ineicacy of treatment options, made atempts to prevent the spread of disease virtually impossible ENOI Each Residency was required to establish its own detailed regulations to control prostitution.

In Surabaya at least, the resident established three brothel kampung hamlets or villages in an efort to keep venereal disease Prostitutes Partille control, and prostitutes were not permited to operate anywhere else.

All prostitutes in these kampung were registered and medical checks carried out Prostitutes Partille Medical oicers of the third rank Prostitutes Partille to visit the public women every Saturday morning, ater city rounds, while oicers of the second rank were responsible for management of the institutions for sick public women.

According to most accounts, despite these regulations, the extent of prostitution increased dramatically in the 19th century, especially ater amendment of the Agrarian Laws in when the colonial economy was opened to private capital Ingleson During the construction of the railway linking the Javanese cities of Batavia, Bogor, Cianjur, Bandung, Cilacap, Yogyakarta and Surabaya innot only did prostitution lourish to serve Prostitutes Partille construction workers, but also, at each major town served by the railway, the arrival of rail passengers increased the demand for board and lodging and also for Prostitutes Partille services.

Brothel complexes sprang up close to the railway stations in every city. For example, in Bandung, prostitution complexes were Prostitutes Partille in several locations close to the station, including Kebon Jeruk, Kebon Tangkil, Sukamanah and Saritem; in Yogyakarta prostitution complexes were established in the area of Pasar Kembang, Mbalokan and Sosrowijayan. In Surabaya, the irst red-light district was near the Semut sta- tion and near the harbour in the area of Kremil, Tandes, and Bangunsari.

Most of these prostitution complexes operate today, even though the role of the railway in mass transport has declined, and the location of hotels in Prostitutes Partille cities has changed substantially. As the second city of Indonesia, and the main focus of trade routes in Eastern Indonesia, Surabaya developed during Dutch colonial times as a major port city, naval base, garrison and railway terminus KuntoDick It was notorious in the 19th century for extensive prostitution.

Freighters and naval ships entering the outer harbour were quickly surrounded by a lotilla of prahu illed with local prostitutes touting for customers.

Until the midth century prostitutes were allowed on board naval Prostitutes Partille, in the belief that it was beter to keep sailors under some Prostitutes Partille of supervision than Prostitutes Partille let them Prostitutes Partille on the town. Ingleson An oicial history of Surabaya stated that in there were prostitutes under the control of 18 brothel owners, but this was undoubtedly an underestimate relecting only Prostitutes Partille registered sex Prostitutes Partille.

Hull — brothels in the centre of the city owned by Chinese and Japanese; — brothel kampung on the outskirts of the city; Prostitutes Partille discreet services of native female servants; — even more discreet services of housebound Dutch women for young, unmarried Dutch men; — European prostitution in organised brothels; — homosexual prostitution and pederasty.

In the second category, the street prostitutes were a group oten harassed by police.

Most prostitutes lived Prostitutes Partille worked in kampung along the Banyu Urip canal. In the third category were brothels run by Chinese for Chinese customers, featuring very young Chinese women.

Non-Chinese visitors were admited only on the introduction of a Chinese customer.

La respiration chez l'Homme 3ème année (Partie2) التنفس عند الإنسان

Half the European men were living with local concubines up tilland thereater the decline in acceptability of concubinage appeared to lead to greater recourse to prostitutes Ingleson As for Prostitutes Partille Indonesian population of the towns, as many as 40 per cent of the urban workforce in the last decades of colonial rule were circular migrants most of whom were men ibid.

Prostitution thrived in this seting. Labourers in this new cash economy usually visited surrounding villages in search of sexual gratiication, and in Prostitutes Partille way young village girls were drawn into prostitution. One result Prostitutes Partille that in the areas south of Bandung, and in Subang, Garut, Sukabumi and Southern Cianjur, the location of the estates, many people have the physical characteristics of Prostitutes Partille, due to the sexual liaisons between Dutch men and native Prostitutes Partille a century ago Kunto It was obvious to the government and outside observers at the turn of the cen- tury that the local government regulations were hopelessly inadequate to match the speed of development of the sex industry, or Prostitutes Partille rapidity of Prostitutes Partille spread of venereal disease.

In Prostitutes Partille pre-antibiotic age Haga dismissed the need to diagnose most sexually transmited diseases because the prognosis for cure was so poor. Instead, he called on resources to treat syphilis, and suggested that information on other diseases be printed in the small booklet chart Prostitutes Partille each public woman was required by law to carry.

Closing of the semi-oicial brothel areas in these cities drove brothels underground and weakened health surveillance, leading to serious spread of venereal disease, especially in Singapore with its highly unbalanced sex ratio Warren chapters ; Raj In part collapsing under the weight of its own irrelevance, the 19th-century model of regulation essentially ended in when routine medical examina- tions were terminated through a resolution of the Governor General.

For a time, the police could not investigate brothels without the permission of the local government leader ENOI Hull of the number of Prostitutes Partille in Jakarta in was 3, to 4, which he com- pared with the 2, syphilis infections among soldiers reported each Prostitutes Partille, and the 5, to 6, cases of other venereal diseases. While no reliable data were available then, or over the next two decades, the conventional wisdom concluded that the numbers of prostitutes were Prostitutes Partille rapidly as the cities expanded, and new industrial enterprises atracted clusters of young workers from villages.

Prostitution was widely and publicly condemned by the community even as the number of women selling sexual services increased, and as presumably the number of client rose as well. A small example of the moralistic and condemnatory atitudes is contained in a newspaper article published toward the end Prostitutes Partille the colo- nial period by a senior indigenous government oicial in Batavia Sudibyo In Prostitutes Partille to reviewing frightening data on the rates of venereal disease, and Prostitutes Partille terrible consequences faced by those infected, Sudibyo commented that one of the great dangers to society arose from the growing practice of late marriage which led males to take up with prostitutes.

In contrast the lower classes continued to reproduce at a fast rate, unimpeded by these factors. His concerns were not isolated. In the PERTI Congress in Bukitinggi, representing national Muslim opinions considered and passed a motion calling for more efective civil laws to deal with the problems of prostitution, and particularly to pay greater atention to atacking the alleged increasing practice of prostitution as Prostitutes Partille important means of controlling venereal disease.

In presenting one of the main speeches to the plenary of 2, representatives crammed into the local cinema, Dr Rasjidin detailed the terrible consequences of syphilis, gonorrhoea and the mental illnesses which he claimed to be an intrinsic aspect of the com- mercial sex industry In looking for the cause of such a terrible turn of afairs, he pointed to the deleterious efects of westernisation, and particularly the practice of young members of the Indonesian intelligentsia to travel the world, partaking of forbidden pleasures and bringing sickness home as their souvenir, which they then share with their friends and Prostitutes Partille in Indonesia.

However, this widely accepted stereotype dealt with a biased vision of the problem. With litle thought given to the reasons women entered the industry, or the dangers they might encounter there, Prostitutes Partille range of proposed legal remedies seemed remarkably narrow and largely misguided.

Women who were already working as prostitutes Prostitutes Partille rounded up and, ater health checks, some Prostitutes Partille allocated to brothels to serve the Japanese soldiers while others continued to operate as before. He goes on to describe the system: I gathered [prostitutes] into a segregated district and penned them in a camp surrounded by high fences. Each man [Japanese Prostitutes Partille was handed a card per- miting him one visit per week. At each visit his card was punched.

But this was a serious diiculty which could have created terrible Prostitutes Partille, so I healed it the best way I knew how. Everybody was very happy with the plan. Some candidates came from higher levels of society but many were from poor families. In reality these girls never departed from the camps, but were instead forced to serve the Japanese soldiers and oicers. Similar events Prostitutes Partille in Solo, where more than 50 adolescent girls, mostly brought to Solo from other areas, were forced to become prostitutes Buana Minggu 26 July Others were pressed by their parents to work in this way for the Japanese, in the hope of gaining some Prostitutes Partille.

Two former Japanese soldiers reported that during their duties in Southern Sulawesi in they knew at Prostitutes Partille 29 brothel houses with more than prosti- Prostitutes Partille, including women from Toraja personsJava 67Makassar 7Mandar 4and Bugis, Chinese and other girls of unknown origin Tempo In these brothels, the pimps received half of the income of Prostitutes Partille prostitute. While not Prostitutes Partille like the Prostitutes Partille in the camps, many of the women in the brothels were forced to work as prostitutes because they had no alternative means Prostitutes Partille survival, and because their activities were encouraged by the occupying forces.

Prostitutes Partille well as forcing the prostitution Prostitutes Partille local and Dutch women, the Japanese brought women to Java from Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong to serve the oicers. From eight in the evening until morning, they were scheduled for higher-level oicers who paid between one and ive dollars. Usually, one imported woman worker in the sex industry was able to serve ive to ten men per day Tempo By contrast, their memories of war- time occupation were biter, and they accused the Japanese soldiers Prostitutes Partille oicers of being both very rude and stingy.

Social Structural Change and the Sex Industry in Independent Indonesia In the late s the population of newly independent Indonesia was concentrated in the island of Java, with the vast majority living in rural areas. Generally, households in rural areas relied on multiple sources of income. Household survival strategies in rural areas, especially among the poorest groups, usually involved Prostitutes Partille members working outside the agriculture sector, at least on a part-time basis.

Non-agricul- tural work was also very common among middle level households, to improve their social status and take advantage of available opportunities. Because of the limited employment opportunities and keen competition in rural areas, many Prostitutes Partille women from poorer households migrated Prostitutes Partille the nearest cities or towns. Village Prostitutes Partille values favouring community solidarity and Prostitutes Partille some cases dominated by religious beliefs were oten replaced by more individualistic values.

First, the economy of commercial irms where trading and industrial activities are carried out in a relatively impersonal way, with a range Prostitutes Partille specialised jobs relating to the production and distribution of goods and services. Second, Prostitutes Partille bazaar eco- nomy which consists of a wide variety of activities governed by institutionally speciic customs and managed by groups of traders in tight competition, who communicate with each other through ad hoc transactions.

Over the colonial period, commercialised sex followed other forms of commerce, and developed as a branch of the urban economy, relecting dualistic structures represented by irms and bazaars.

Similar contrasts were found as workers let depressed estate complexes in Prostitutes Partille Sumatra Kuntoto pursue new lives in either the streets or the bawdy-houses of Medan. By the Prostitutes Partille s and s, the low of setlers from rural areas had an increa- sing component of women Prostitutes Partille search of paid employment in Prostitutes Partille formal sector, especially in and around the largest cities.

At the same time many migrants parti- cipated in circular lows, spending periods in the city before returning to their per- Prostitutes Partille base in the villages.

As most female migrants were young and inexperienced, with low educational atainment and limited skills, their opportunities were restricted to low-status occupations with low remuneration. Since the early s, the structural transformation of the Indonesian eco- nomy has been dramatic. Jobs have opened for women in manufacturing, clerical activities, Prostitutes Partille, hotels and restaurants, and domestic service.

However, wages in many of these activities have been very low, and the possibility of earning ive or ten times as much in the sex industry is very tempting.

Mobile populations have more moti- vations and opportunities Prostitutes Partille inidelity, and the concentration of stalls where sex can be purchased near railway stations and roadside rest-stops for long-distance truck drivers is testimony to the demand from these sources. Prostitutes Partille survey of truck drivers on the Surabaya-Denpasar route found that 68 per cent paid for sex at rest-stops Prostitutes Partille et al. Concentrations of sex workers are also found near military bases, timber and mining camps, and universities.

Government Policy And The Sex Sector Legislation on the Sex Industry and its Regulation he Prostitutes Partille of the Indonesian government to prostitution appears to have changed litle between since colonial and New Order regime times: it was largely deter- mined by health and public-order rather than moral considerations.

Today, too, there is no law in Indonesia that prohibiting the sale of sexual services as such. Article Trade in women or in under-age males will incur a maximum penalty of six years imprisonment. In other Prostitutes Partille of the KUHP under-aged females are deined as Prostitutes Partille less than 15 years of age, and for other purposes the legal age is given as 17 or 18 years of age.