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Ze'ev Scheinwald, born in July in Sochaczew, Poland, describes his family; being a member of Betar; the outbreak of war; escaping temporarily to Warsaw, Poland but returning to Sochaczew; being expelled from Sochaczew in February ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; escaping from the ghetto and working for Polish peasants; going to the labor camp Skarzysko; being transferred to Buchenwald; being sent to Schlieben to work in the munitions factory; being liberated in Mauthausen; his immigration to Israel; and his disappointment with the reception of Holocaust survivors in Israel. Classes were held from 8 am to 12 noon.

One of them, the Flama cheder, had a relatively high level of education. The school had two rooms. Classes were held from 8 am to 12 noon. It offered instruction in mathematics, history of Russia and other subjects. The school had a total of students. Polish-Jewish relations deteriorated after the fall of the January Uprising. This was the effect of an increasing cooperation of Jewish entrepreneurs with the Russians.

Representatives of the intelligentsia of both nationalities worked together in the professional field. Starting fromthe Zionist Organization, led by Samuel Jakub Kohen, raised funds for the development of the Jewish settlements in Palestine.

It united young people from rich families and several workers. Its main aim Prostitutes Ciechanow to teach Hebrew and conduct physical exercises classes. The organization also had a large collection of books Prostitutes Ciechanow Hebrew. In the organization split. Upon the initiative of the Kahane family, the city's first Jewish theatre was established.

On the eve of World War I, the Zionists grew more influential in the town, which was recognized by the headquarters of the Zionist movement in Warsaw. The Circassians caught 21 Jews on the Prostitutes Ciechanow, led them to the barracks, shaved their hair and whipped them. From that time Jews Prostitutes Ciechanow afraid to show themselves on the streets. They only went out in the morning to go to the synagogue.

One of the victims of the Don Cossacks was Rabbi Samuel Isaac Landau, who was kidnapped at night and tormented in a hotel room. In the spring ofwhen the Germans launched their offensive, Jews in many Prostitutes Ciechanow were ordered to leave their homes.

Prostitutes Ciechanow the initiative of the Kahane family, an Prostitutes Ciechanow and kindergarten were opened, with the support of the Central Committee of the Zionist Organization in Poland. This was a result of a number of factors, including the concentration of people in towns where the birth rate was lower than in rural areasdecreasing religiosity which favoured Prostitutes Ciechanow familieseconomic migration affecting people of childbearing age and high mortality among the poorest parts of the Jewish community tuberculosis.

According to the census ofPoles constituted The census showed a discrepancy between Prostitutes Ciechanow number of people speaking in Hebrew and Yiddish 4,and the number of people declaring Jewish faith 4, This could indicate the existence of a small group of assimilated Jews, however, such a conclusion should be treated with caution Prostitutes Ciechanow of the unreliability of the census, which overstated the number of Poles and underestimated Prostitutes Ciechanow number of ethnic minorities.

There was a Jewish Merchants Association in the town, which had a Prostitutes Ciechanow members. Wino was the chairman. Prostitutes Ciechanow following people, among others, were engaged in trade: W. Urbane gallantryS. Rubinsztajn fur and clothing materialsD. Goldsztajn clocks, jewellery, small leather goodsCh. This list is incomplete as it does not include small shops that did not advertise and stalls run without a patent.

Market day was on Tuesdays and Fridays and Jews traded with peasants from the surrounding villages. Agents bought, for example, grain for the mills.

One of the biggest mills in the Warsaw Province belonged to Wajnsztok, smaller mills were located on Nadrzeczna Street and belonged to Lubieniecki and Mundsztuk.

Craft was equally important as trade. Ina survey was carried out in the town, which showed the existence of six leather industry stores, clothes and hat stores, Prostitutes Ciechanow metal industry stores, 5 Prostitutes Ciechanow machine stores, 3 — wood stores, 4 — textile stores and one stone industry store.

Jewish stores employed an average of Prostitutes Ciechanow employees - the owner and a member of his family working as an assistant, rarely hired worker.

Characteristically, out of hired workers employed in Jewish stores Prostitutes Ciechanow 4 were not of Prostitutes Ciechanow origin. Minor Jewish craftsmen who had no means to pay for patents were engaged in cottage industry. They were mainly tailors and shoemakers, and produced mostly shoddy "trash".

Wild, hoarse screams, the rattling of wheels, the grunts Prostitutes Ciechanow oncoming horses, stark blows of whips fiercely landed on the back of opponents Suddenly, after a moment of turmoil, the first victorious quadrigas emerged There were no more passengers left for the carriages that came last in the battle.

They went away very slowly to dress their wounds. Often the damage was quite grave: Prostitutes Ciechanow boards, broken spokes, crushed shoes. Later presidents of the community included Nathan Cajtog, AS. Lichtenstein and Herszt Kirszencwajg, whereas Chaim Morthaim Braumrot held the post of rabbi throughout the entire period — he was also an honorary president of the community board, a member of the administration and various community institutions.

In the community had 1, adult members, of which were obliged to pay community contributions. At this time, the Prostitutes Ciechanow funded the activities of, among others, Talmud-Torah, Bet Yaakov, Religious Evening Courses, savings and loans fund, the Prostitutes Ciechanow Hatsedek" shelter house, "Hachnaset Orchim" which provided aid and a field kitchen for the most needy.

In that year, the property included cemeteries and a synagogue and was estimated at 82 thousand zlotys. The revival of the Zionist movement in the town took place after Prostitutes Ciechanow announcement of the Balfour Declaration They believed that a Jewish Prostitutes Ciechanow should be rebuilt in Palestine, under theocratic rule, following the rules of Judaism. The youth wing of the party was called "Tseire Mizarchi", and had a reading club and a field Prostitutes Ciechanow at its seat at Warszawska Street.

The founder of the organization was Michael Szaft. The party put off the question of the principles governing the functioning of Prostitutes Ciechanow Jewish state until its establishment in Palestine. In the short run it demanded cultural and national autonomy for Jews in Poland.

Auschwitz Birkenau - WARNING disturbing Images and Sound.

On the fifth conference of the Poale Zion Association, as a result of different views on the international labour movement, the party split into Poale Zion Left Prostitutes Ciechanow Poale Zion Right. The former emphasized its ties with the global labour movement and planned to join the Comintern; whereas Poale Zion Right identified itself with general Zionism and was associated with the World Zionist Organization. The Prostitutes Ciechanow aim was to adapt young Jews for future work for the construction of the Jewish state and the colonization of Palestine.

One of the training centres was located in the home of a gardener, Berl. It was founded by: S. Frid, M. Konarek, M. Lipski, the Schlifman brothers and Nowogrodzki brothers. Shortly afterwards Ha-Szachar began to lose its members who joined the paramilitary Brit Trumpeldor, associated with Zionist Revisionists, which eventually led to its dissolution, announced 19 November Prostitutes Ciechanow The characteristic attributes of Prostitutes Ciechanow young scouts included colourful flags, banners and uniforms, which was an important psychological factor for young boys and girls.

Its aim was to prepare young Jews for settlement in Palestine through vocational and military training. Its members underwent training Prostitutes Ciechanow hachshara where they acquired skills necessary for colonization. The course was completed with an English certificate for the journey to Palestine. There was also the Association of Friends of Working Palestine in the town, which was under communist influence.

On 25 March, the district governor suspended the activities of the Association on suspicion Prostitutes Ciechanow being influenced by the Polish Prostitutes Ciechanow Party. Their base was sealed. On 16 Prostitutes Ciechanow, Jews protested against drastic limitations in the number of emigration certificates to Palestine.

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Five days later, the board of Poale Zion Right organized a protest rally, which gathered 70 Prostitutes Ciechanow, mostly young people Prostitutes Ciechanow to the youth wing of the party called "Frayhayt". There was also a Jewish Cultural and Educational Association "Tarbut" operating in the town, which was under the influence of Zionists and aimed to develop a Jewish Prostitutes Ciechanow attitude through educational activities.

For example, in it organized a lecture entitled Zionism. In it organized a lecture dedicated to Prostitutes Ciechanow role of women in the reconstruction of a Jewish state in Palestine. The speaker, Szpigielsztejn from Warsaw, presented the view that women and men should have Prostitutes Ciechanow equal share in the Prostitutes Ciechanow of a Jewish state, assigning women with a unique role in educating children in the national Prostitutes Ciechanow.

Its founders included the following rabbis: David Wajngarten and Jakub Student. The main objectives of the party were the defence of the religious rights of Jews, the defence of the economic interests of the Jewish population, the education of young Jews in the spirit of Judaism, through establishing religious schools and preserving the religious character of the Jewish community. The Orthodox stressed the need Prostitutes Ciechanow educating young Jews Prostitutes Ciechanow the spirit of loyalty to the state.

Agudah opposed the Zionists, treating their efforts to popularize the Hebrew language as a religious desecration as the Orthodox regarded the language as sacred, claiming that it should remain the language of liturgy.

Young Orthodox Jews from Tseire Agudat developed large-scale activities by: organizing meetings, lectures and presentations in their own library. They also funded a loan society. The members of Poale Agudat Prostitutes Ciechanow joined their efforts with great enthusiasm. The party had a negative view of the Zionist movement and opposed the attempts to popularize the Hebrew language.

The Bund was of the opinion that the native language of Polish Jews is Yiddish. It also fought against clericalism and the domination of the rabbis. This meant that Bund was opposed by all organizations - from Orthodox Jews to the Zionists. For many years, the party leaders were: Wolf Prostitutes Ciechanow and Idel Bronsztajn. The Perec library was under the influence of the Bund, "the busiest Jewish cultural and educational organization" — as reported in a situation report from Education, especially religious education, played a key role in the Jewish community.

Prostitutes Ciechanow private Jewish religious schools played an Prostitutes Ciechanow role. A reformed cheder was not established in the town due to the strong opposition of the Hasidic Rabbi, Samuel Isaac Landau. Inthere were students in the school, which meant that classes were run in two shifts. The school also Prostitutes Ciechanow a prayer room for children and adolescents.

It was created with the support of the cultural and educational association "Tarbut". Rabbi Chaim Braumrot organized a religious school, "Talmud Torah", offering courses in Hebrew and Judaic teachings for children from the primary school.

Agudah, thanks to the backing and financial support of Rabbi Joel Wajngarten, organized a religious school for Jewish girls "Bet-Yaakov", headed by Mordechai Nojer. The relationships between Jews and Christians were good, which is illustrated by the fact Prostitutes Ciechanow Zionist organizations won little support.

Subsequent elections to the Jewish Community Council in the yearsandwere won Prostitutes Ciechanow the Orthodox, who favoured loyalty to the state. It was only in the mids that the Zionist ideology gained popularity due to anti-Jewish demonstrations of the Christian part of the population.

In the Prostitutes Ciechanow half of the s, the Jewish community became more radical as a result Prostitutes Ciechanow the deteriorating financial situation and due to Prostitutes Ciechanow shift in the state policy towards ethnic minorities. Immediately after entering the town, Germans started to persecute the Jewish population.

The Prostitutes Ciechanow of the town ordered that the liquor store run by Pokorski, a Jew, be opened and its stock given to Germans and Poles. The same happened with a Jewish confectionery owned by Jakub Siano.

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Prostitutes Ciechanow Jewish bakery was banned from distributing bread for free. On 7 September the commander called a Jewish meeting at the synagogue and tried to persuade all those gathered to voluntarily leave the town.

Jews did not agree. On the following day the Prostitutes Ciechanow demolished the synagogue. Jews were forced to Prostitutes Ciechanow their books and fifteen scrolls at the market square. Afterwards, at night, they secretly stole into Prostitutes Ciechanow market square and took the remnants and ashes to the cemetery where they buried them. The synagogue remained empty for some time and was later turned into a car repair shop.

The Germans ordered Jews to pay Prostitutes Ciechanow contributions, which were very difficult to pay as most of the wealthy Jews had already left town. On 23 September, the men were herded into market square, where they had to stand in a Prostitutes Ciechanow circle with their hands up for three hours.

At that time, a group of soldiers plundered Jewish stores and apartments. Abram Wolf Holcman and Hersz Miller were then killed. Afterwards, Jews were engaged in forced Prostitutes Ciechanow, which consisted in a senseless transportation of stones from one place to another, and had only one aim — humiliation. Prostitutes Ciechanow, they were to be punished with death.

In order to have this order met, Germans took twenty hostages, including a rabbi. At that time, the town constantly received news that the Jewish population was being brutally Prostitutes Ciechanow from nearby cities and towns.

However, for the time being, the occupier had other plans. However, it was not before 26 October that this decree became effective and the civil administration seized power in the town. One of the first decisions was to appoint the Judenrat, the Jewish Council, which included pre-war community board members and Bencjon Erlich, appointed by the Germans, who was elected as chairman.

Judenrat received orders to carry out a census of the Jewish population. The results of the census remain unknown. According to Dariusz Piotrowicz, this number is greatly overestimated. Based on data obtained from censuses, he concluded that in the years fromthe number of Jews increased by approximately Prostitutes Ciechanow people a year. Assuming that the population growth did not Prostitutes Ciechanow much, approx.

The same happened with a Jewish confectionery owned by Jakub Siano.

As early as October, the Germans deprived Jewish merchants and craftsmen of their Prostitutes Ciechanow, and under a decree issued on 1 November Jews were banned from running any type of business activity. Also in November, a work duty for all Jews aged Prostitutes Ciechanow Jewish women agedbecame effective. Everyone was registered at the Arbeitsamt labour office.

Then they were forced to perform work which involved sweeping streets, moving piles of debris and emptying rubbish bins. The work had no economic value, the only Prostitutes Ciechanow was to torment people.

This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes. Skip to main content The Reading Room at the Shapell Center is open to the public, Prostitutes Ciechanow limitations and by appointment only. The Fifth Floor reading room remains closed.

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Please do not send any materials until explicitly directed to do so by curatorial staff. Thank you for your understanding. Back Prostitutes Ciechanow Results New Search. Oral history interview with Pinchas Zabludovitz. Interviewee Pinchas Zabludovitz.

Date interview: September Language Hebrew. Expand all.

The Perec library was under the influence of the Bund, "the busiest Jewish cultural and educational organization" — as reported in a situation report from

About This Oral History. Keywords and Subjects. Topical Term Concentration camp inmates. Death march survivors. Death marches. Forced labor. Holocaust survivors--Israel--Interviews. Holocaust, Jewish --Personal narratives. Jewish families--Poland. Jews--Legal status, laws, etc.

Men--Personal narratives. People with disabilities--Nazi persecution--Poland. Prostitutes Ciechanow War, Concentration camps--Liberation. World War, Deportations from Poland. World War, Underground movements--Poland--Oswiecim. Prostitutes Ciechanow, Warsaw Poland. Personal Name Zabludovitz, Pinchas, Administrative History. Legal Status Permanent Collection. Rights and Restrictions.

Conditions on Access No restrictions on Prostitutes Ciechanow. Conditions on Use No restrictions on use. Oral history interview with Rafael Abarbanel and Rachel Abarbanel Oral History Raphael Rudy Abarbanel, born inProstitutes Ciechanow his family and his childhood in Pirot, Serbia; moving to Belgrade, Serbia; his religious upbringing; joining the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement; his disbelief about events in Germany; the German bombings of Belgrade; being taken from his home; his work in a forced labor group under German control and Prostitutes Ciechanow attempts to Prostitutes Ciechanow Communist partisans; escaping from a train in Lom, Bulgaria; joining other refugees in Sofia, Bulgaria; being caught and interned in Albania; forging documents; escaping by boat in February ; landing in a British camp for refugees in Bari, Italy; immigrating to Palestine; and settling in a kibbutz in Israel.

Oral history interview with Moshe Alpan Oral History Moshe Alpan born Moshe Elefant discusses the antisemitism in Vranov, Slovakia before the war; joining Hashomer Hatzair; the anti-Jewish measures and violence; the disbelief of his community at Prostitutes Ciechanow was happening; becoming active in the Zionist movement as a way to help; organizing the Hashomer Hatzair underground movement in Budapest, Hungary in February ; the German occupation of Budapest in March ; the Jewish resistance groups; partisan rescue missions; working with the communist underground movement; helping Polish Jews cross into Slovakia; his emotional responses to the events; immigrating to Israel in July ; and his philosophical ideas about heroism, being a victim, and resistance.

Oral Prostitutes Ciechanow interview with Genya Batasheva Oral History Genya Batasheva, born in in Kiev, Ukraine, discusses her childhood; the famine in ; going to school for accounting and becoming a bookkeeper; the German occupation of Kiev, Ukraine; Prostitutes Ciechanow defense positions in the suburbs of Kiev; the round ups of Jews; the massacre at Babi Prostitutes Ciechanow and the murder of her family; telling guards she was Russian; getting fake identity papers; leaving for Kharkiv, Ukraine with her friend Olga Zacharovna Rozhchenko; working in Omsk, Russia for two years; hearing the news that the Soviets liberated Kiev; receiving a letter from her father and joining him in Barnaul, Russia; Prostitutes Ciechanow life in Barnaul; her post-war life; and her immigration to Israel due to Russian anti-Semitism.

Oral history interview with Sonia Berenshtein Oral History Sonia Berenshtein, born indiscusses her childhood in Zheludok, Poland present day Belarus ; her family; joining the underground movement in the Dzyatlava ghetto; the liquidation of the ghetto in August ; hiding in the forest with a partisan group under Hirsch Kaplinski; Prostitutes Ciechanow in partisan actions; a typhoid epidemic; liberation by the Prostitutes Ciechanow immigrating to Palestine; and her life in Israel.

Oral history interview with Josef Binenshtok Oral History Josef Binenshtok, born in Wadowice, Poland, describes the beginning of the war and the racial laws; building barracks in Auschwitz; traveling to the labor camp Ottmuth to build the Berlin Moskva autobahn; arrival Prostitutes Ciechanow other Jews from Holland, Belgium, and Greece; the shutting down of labor camps and Prostitutes Ciechanow extermination camps; traveling to Blechhammer and working to Prostitutes Ciechanow gas chambers in Blechhammer; traveling by train to Gross Rosen, Buchenwald, Dora, and Sachsenhausen; liberation near Schwerin Skwierzyna, Poland ; living in a displaced persons camp near Bergen-Belsen; and immigrating to Palestine.

Oral history interview with Ben Zion Blushtein Oral History Ben Zion Blushtein, born in in Domachow, Poland, discusses his family; his experiences with anti-Semitism; the German invasion; how Jews were forced to perform labor; being forced into the ghetto; escaping to join Jewish partisans in the woods; partisan actions against Germans; capturing a German fort; being liberated by the Soviets; living in a displaced persons camp; his family life; and immigrating to Israel.

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Oral history Prostitutes Ciechanow with Prostitutes Ciechanow Cana Oral History Betty Cana, born November 11, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, discusses being the youngest of five sisters; her family's orthodoxy; attending public school; antisemitic harassment; attending a Jewish school; participating in a Zionist youth group; one sister's immigration to Palestine in ; her father's death; preparing to immigrate to Palestine on a Hechalutz kibbutz in Beverwijk; German invasion; returning to Prostitutes Ciechanow her marriage; operating a children's kibbutz in Elden with her husband; being arrested in October ; being deported to Westerbork; the arrival of her mother and one sister; deportation with her mother and husband to Auschwitz in September ; being separated from her mother; volunteering for specious medical experiments by Dr.

Oral history interview with Manoss Diamant Oral History Manoss Diamant, born in in Katowice, Poland, discusses his family and childhood; his education; being in a Zionist youth group; escaping to Warsaw, Poland in ; being forced into the Sosnowiec ghetto in ; being in a resistance group; the activities of the Judenrat who collaborated with Germans; being selected for work by the Germans; his sabotage activities; escaping from the ghetto; working in Austria under an assumed identity; being caught Prostitutes Ciechanow sent to a camp near Vienna, Prostitutes Ciechanow passing as a doctor and working in a hospital in Prostitutes Ciechanow, Austria; escaping to Hungary and joining a work group in Prostitutes Ciechanow the Germans entering Hungary in March ; being liberated by the Soviets in January ; and his post-war feelings about perpetrators.

Oral history interview with Ya'akov Eisner Oral History Ya'akov Eisner, born in Czestochowa, Poland, recounts attending Jewish and Polish schools; starvation during World War I; his marriage and the births of two of his children; leaving his family to work in Paris for Prostitutes Ciechanow years during the Depression; the German invasion; ghettoization; his mother's murder by Germans in ; burying her; his deportation with his wife and children to Treblinka; his selection as a carpenter his family was killed ; sadistic public executions; escaping; assistance from a local non-Jews who brought him to Jewish partisans; fleeing when other non-Jews approached; returning to the Czestochowa ghetto via Warsaw with assistance from non-Jews; his marriage to a cousin; slave labor; being deported; escaping from the train; returning to Prostitutes Ciechanow now a camp ; liberation with his wife by Prostitutes Ciechanow troops; his immigration to Israel; and being a witness at a war criminal trial of S.

Oral history interview with Rudi Fruchter Oral History Rudi Fruchter, Prostitutes Ciechanow March in Budapest, Hungary, describes antisemitism in Hungary and Romania; being recruited into the Jewish unit of the Hungarian Army; going to the Carpathian mountains as a forced labor group; being deported to Auschwitz to cut hair and translate; singing for the Kapos; moving to a French labor camp near Strassburg and Prostitutes Ciechanow Maginot Line; returning to the Kochendort German camp October ; building camps for Russian POWs; moving by train to Dachau; liberation; looking for friends and family after the war; participating in Yiddish theater; immigrating to Israel; and adjusting to Israeli life.

Oral history interview with Kariel Gardosh Oral History Kariel Gardosh, born indiscusses his childhood in Budapest, Hungary; pre-war antisemitism; outbreak of war in ; Prostitutes Ciechanow conscripted for forced labor in the army; working in central Hungary and then Bor, Yugoslavia Serbia ; building train tracks; being marched back towards Hungary; witnessing exterminations in Zamun, Serbia; being taken to a brick factory; witnessing exterminations in Hungary; escaping in October ; being hidden by Hungarian train workers; being liberated by Tito partisans in Serbia; joining their fight; obtaining Russian papers; returning to Budapest; joining the Russian army Prostitutes Ciechanow entering Prostitutes Ciechanow learning the fate Prostitutes Ciechanow his family; and Prostitutes Ciechanow to Yugoslavia.

Oral history interview with Prostitutes Ciechanow Glazer Oral History Alvin Glazer, born in in Kromeriz, Czechoslovakia, discusses his studies; having to quit school in due to the German occupation of Prague; changes in everyday life under the Germans; playing a role in Youth Aliyah; the leadership of the Jewish community, including Otto Zucker, Jakob Edelstein, and Yanovitch; being sent to the Theresienstadt Terezin ghetto; helping to prepare the ghetto in November ; relocating to the Magdeburg Barracks; and living conditions in the camp.

Oral history interview with Menachem Granek Prostitutes Ciechanow History Menachem Granek, born indiscusses his childhood in Chepitz, Poland; organizing a Betar youth movement in ; his Prostitutes Ciechanow pre-war antisemitism; Prostitutes Ciechanow the Polish Army for two years; being taken as a prisoner of war by Germany; being sent to Lipowa camp in Lublin, Poland in July ; escaping the camp and returning home; organizing a resistance group; the head of the Judenrat; being conscripted for forced labor for eight months in and working on the Autostrada with Russian POWs; being injured and going to a hospital in Sosnowiec, Poland; returning home; going to Sosnowiec; helping with the underground movement; escaping deportation; living under an assumed identity in a Mercedes-Benz work camp in Oppeln, Germany; liberation by the Soviets; and illegally immigrating to Israel via France in Oral history interview with Hanna Greishitzki Oral History Hanna Greishitzki, born in in Cluj, Romania, discusses German forces arriving in Cluj in March ; the swift implementation of anti-Jewish measures; Prostitutes Ciechanow forced into the ghetto May 3, ; being deported to Auschwitz; conditions on the train; arriving in Auschwitz; being taken to the labor camp Hainichen; Prostitutes Ciechanow conditions in the factory; atrocities in the camp; marching to trains to take them to Theresidenstadt Terezin in April ; being very ill; being liberated by Soviets; her life after the war; and dealing with the emotional effects of the war and Auschwitz.

Oral history interview with Pnina Grinshpan Oral History Pnina Papler Grinshpan, born in Nowy Dwor near Warsaw, Poland, describes the creation of the Warsaw ghetto and conditions inside the ghetto; managing to get a job working in the Landau furniture factory; how on April 19,Germans entered the ghetto and prepared to liquidate it entirely; escaping with several fighters through the sewers to join Antek Zuckerman, who was fighting outside the ghetto walls; joining the partisans in the forest and subsequently joining the Polish resistance in the forests; encounters with Soviet soldiers, escaped war prisoners, and local farmers; how her jobs in the forest consisted mainly of sabotage; her husband, Chaim Grinshpan, who was also a ghetto fighter, and their immigration to Palestine via Bucharest, Romania; and her children and grandchildren.

Oral history interview with Willi Groag Oral History Willi Groag, born on August 7,in Olmvetz, Moravia, describes how after Germany invaded Czechoslovakia he tried to leave but was unable to do so; teaching school from Prostitutes Ciechanow ; going to Hachshara for agricultural training; leaving the farm in January and anticipating the transport of all Jews from Olmvetz; Willi describes his transport to Terezin, life in the Prostitutes Ciechanow, his work in the children's house, and transports from Terezin; art in the ghetto and the artists Karl Fleischmann, Peter Kien, Leo Haas, and Prostitutes Ciechanow Bloch; and the Red Cross visits and beautification of the ghetto for those visits.

Oral history interview with Chaim Gurewitz Oral History Chaim Gurewitz, born in Lithuania, describes his family and growing up in Panevezys, Lithuania; Prostitutes Ciechanow growing antisemitism in the late s; Jewish life in Kaunas in the s; his life in the Kaunas ghetto, how they lived, what they ate, and the tasks they were assigned; executions in the ghetto, including the Ninth Fort massacre on October 29, ; the escape of prisoners of war and Jews from the Ninth Fort; being taken to the Landsberg concentration camp; life in the camp; being beaten for stealing potatoes; being moved from Landsberg to Dachau in April ; trying to return home after liberation and interrogations by Soviets; going to Munich, Germany and being taken care of by Americans; his attempts to memorialize losses; and the need to educate youth about the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Israel Gutmann Oral History Israel Gutman, born in Warsaw, Poland, indescribes joining the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement; life in the ghetto, underground activities, and the Warsaw Ghetto uprising; his transport to Majdanek and subsequent transport to Auschwitz Prostitutes Ciechanow the underground activities in Auschwitz; being evacuated in January from Auschwitz and his arrival in Mauthausen; being in quarantine; daily life in the camp; being liberated on Prostitutes Ciechanow 5,and hospitalized in Linz, Prostitutes Ciechanow going to Italy with the Jewish Brigade to help out those wanting to immigrate to Palestine; Prostitutes Ciechanow immigration to Palestine and joining a kibbutz; his thoughts on what it means to be Jewish; and the meaning of heroism during the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Shmuel Hacohen Oral History Shmuel Hacohen, born in Amsterdam, Netherlands on July 7,discusses his extended family, most of whom were Prostitutes Ciechanow the food restrictions at the beginning of the war, National Prostitutes Ciechanow in Holland, and mobilization of the Dutch Prostitutes Ciechanow life in Amsterdam after the German invasion, including activities of the Judenrat; how in January the registration of Jews was organized by the Dutch Interior Ministry; being transported to Westerbork in April ; life in the camp, its hierarchy, hospital, concerts, and opera; his transport to Bergen Belsen; the changing conditions Prostitutes Ciechanow the camp during his time there; the liberation of the camp; Prostitutes Ciechanow taken to Prostitutes Ciechanow, north of Leipzig, to a Polish POW camp where he contracted typhoid fever; his return to Holland and the post-war antisemitism; and his immigration to Israel and his long period of adjustment to life in Israel.

Oral history Prostitutes Ciechanow with Chaim Hamer Oral History Chaim Hamer, born inin Dorna, South Bukovina, describes Jewish life in Dorna, including speaking Hebrew and being in youth movements; attending school and synagogues; antisemitism when Prostitutes Ciechanow was taken by the Russians and retaken by the Romanians; his deportation to Mogilev Mahiliou, Prostitutes Ciechanow in ; joining a group of young Zionists in ; being ordered to go to Torchin to work in a coal mine; his return to Mogilev and his unsuccessful attempt to lead a group of orphans across the Dniester River; functions of the Judenrat in Mogilev and the Pechora camp; his enlistment with the Soviet Army, reaching Riga, Latvia and Smolensk, Russia; returning to Bucharest, Romania Prostitutes Ciechanow working with youth groups assisting Jewish immigration to Palestine; and his immigration to Israel, meeting his wife, and life in the early stages of the State of Israel.

Oral history interview with Avraham Hass Oral History Avraham Hass, born in in Bukovina, Romania, describes his family of Hassidic farmers near the Polish border; life and survival in Ukrainian ghettos; the Judenrat and its uneven treatment of ghetto residents and its collaboration with authorities; his family's expulsion across the Dniester River to Prostitutes Ciechanow, Ukraine; returning home to Soziawa, Romania after liberation and subsequently going to Bucharest, Romania, where he made contact with Hashomer Hatzair, which organized his illegal immigration to Palestine; his detention in Prostitutes Ciechanow camp in Famagusta, Cyprus; and joining the Haganah and smuggling inmates out of the camp.

Oral history interview with Shalom Hertzberg Oral History Shalom Hertzberg, born in Bedzin, Poland, discusses his prosperous Zionist family; his daily Talmud studies; being an active member of the Zionist youth movement, Noar Zioni; being recruited to the Polish Army in ; being imprisoned by Germans in Krakow, Poland; being helped by non-Jews to get a German identity and to escape; the first Aktion on August 12, ; being sent to the Blechhammer camp; the death march of January ; liberation April 27, ; aiding Prostitutes Ciechanow intelligence to get information from Prostitutes Ciechanow prisoners; returning to a normal life; establishing a Massuah in Israel; and early attitudes about the Holocaust in Israel.

Oral history Prostitutes Ciechanow with Nechama Hochbaum Oral History Nechama Hochbaum, born in Stottz, Poland, discusses moving to Lachowicze, Poland Liakhavichy, Belarus in ; attending a Jewish high school in Baranovic until ; life under the Russian regime; the Germans entering the town at the start of the war and the positive reaction from Poles; working under the S. Oral history interview with Yehoyakim Kochavi Oral History Yehoyakim Kochavi, born in, in Berlin, Germany, describes growing up in a non-traditional Jewish family, attending Jewish schools, and encountering antisemitism; being involved in Zionist activities as a young person; leaving for Palestine in to escape the Nazis; returning to Germany in ; learning that his mother had committed suicide and his father had died during the war; living in Israel and not bringing up the past with his children.

Oral history interview with Yehuda Arie Leo Koretz Oral History Yehuda Arie Leo Koretz, born in Hamburg, Prostitutes Ciechanow in Julydescribes his parents; the fates of family members; how in his father was appointed chief rabbi in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece; the Prostitutes Ciechanow of the Nuremberg laws in Salonika in early ; the natural ghetto Prostitutes Ciechanow Salonika; his family being taken to Baron de Hirsch camp, where they stayed until August 2, ; being deported to Bergen-Belsen; camp life of Belsen; life in the camp including his Prostitutes Ciechanow, medical care, and the conditions; being evacuated towards the end of the war and his liberation by Soviet soldiers; returning to Salonika and immigration to Palestine; his post-war profession and family; and the rehabilitation of his father's reputation.

Oral history interview with Edit Dita Kraus Oral History Edit Dita Kraus, born in Prague, Czechoslovakia Czech Republic on July 12,describes her assimilated Jewish family; going into the Terezin Theresienstadt ghetto in ; participating in cultural activities in the ghetto, including operas, drawing and painting, and taking art lessons from Friedl Brandeis; the death of many of her older relatives in the ghetto; being sent to Auschwitz in Decemberwhere she thought about committing suicide; being moved to a work camp in Hamburg, Germany, where she removed debris of collapsed buildings and worked in distilleries along the Elba River; being sent to another forced labor camp, Neugraben, then camp Tiefstock, and then to Bergen Belsen; her Prostitutes Ciechanow to Prague; and her immigration to Israel.

Oral history Prostitutes Ciechanow with Abraham Larva Oral History Abraham Larva, born inin Siauliai, Lithuania, describes his pre-war life, including joining a Maccabi youth group and attempting to immigrate to Israel; the German entry into Siauliai; being taken to work at a mass burial of Soviet POWs; escaping and working for a peasant, digging ditches at an airport Prostitutes Ciechanow working in a leather factory until ; being sent to work at Prostitutes Ciechanow camp outside of the ghetto; returning to the ghetto, Prostitutes Ciechanow he worked in a tannery; life in the ghetto, including schools, songs, weddings, court, hospital, births, and abortions; escaping from the ghetto to the forest with a group of six; life in the forest and meeting with Lithuanian communists who gave them food and weapons; being liberated and joining the Russian Army; returning to a burned-out Siauliai; going to the Landsberg displaced persons camp; receiving a visa from his aunt to Prostitutes Ciechanow to the United States; and his family and life in Israel.

Oral history interview with Juergen Levenstein Oral History Juergen Levenstein, born in Berlin, Germanydescribes joining a Hachshara Zionist group to prepare to immigrate to Israel; antisemitism in Berlin after ; the closing of the Hachsara group; working in a farm work group Prostitutes Ciechanow Schnibichen then Grutens; his deportation to Birkeanu; Prostitutes Ciechanow to Buna to work in the rubber factory; going to Zgoda to work in the cannon factory; being ill in Auschwitz; transferring to Monowitz to work in a factory; being transported to Mauthausen to avoid the oncoming Soviet forces; the liberation by the United States Army; walking to Linz, Austria; being hospitalized for a year with tuberculosis; immigrating to Israel; feelings about post-war Germany; and reflections on what occurred.

Oral history interview with Chaim Levkowitz Oral History Chaim Levkowitz, born April 23, in Vlonia, Poland, describes the bombing of the town September 1, ; the creation of the ghetto; racial laws; the Prostitutes Ciechanow the Jewish police; moving to twelve camps; working in an ammunition factory; working Prostitutes Ciechanow the Autostrada roadways; marching out of Langenscheid as Prostitutes Ciechanow forces approached; liberation by the Americans; and the effects and lessons of the Holocaust.

Oral history interview with Azriel Levy Oral History Azriel Levy, born Junedescribes his life and schooling in Kovno, Poland Kaunas, Lithuania ; the Soviet occupation; German occupation in June ; the creation of the ghetto; ghetto institutions and living; joining the partisan movement; getting caught and deported to Landsberg-am-Lech concentration camp in July ; escaping from a train to Dachau in April ; liberation by the Allies; immigrating to Palestine Israel ; and not discussing the Holocaust until the early s.

Oral history interview with Eliezer Prostitutes Ciechanow Oral Prostitutes Ciechanow Eliezer Lidovski, born October 18, in Zhetel, Poland now Dziatlava, Belarusdiscusses the arrival of the Soviet troops; being identified as a leader of the Zionist movement; accusations and questioning by the NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union; being spared exile to Siberia; being cleared of all charges and his passport was returned; being caught by Germans in Minsk, Belarus; being sent to a military camp outside of Minsk; fleeing the camp; living in the Baranowice ghetto; living with partisans in Rovno, Poland Ukraine ; participating in the NAKAM the Jewish Avengers ; living Prostitutes Ciechanow Italy with the Jewish Brigade; being caught by the British; internment in Cyprus; immigration to Israel; and adjustment to a new life.

Oral history interview with Yehoshua Lior Oral History Yehoshua Lior, born in in Lachva LakhvaProstitutes Ciechanow, describes Lachva and the Jewish community there; life under Soviet rule from to ; the Wehrmacht entering the city on June 8, and how they took all men fourteen years and older to work; the creation of the ghetto on Passover eve in ; his current mission to publicize the Lachva ghetto so that others will know about it; the resistance movement in the Prostitutes Ciechanow and its young leader, Yitzhak Rochzyn; the revolt during the night of September; his escape and encounters with partisans who were not willing to accept him and shot some escapees; the death of his family in the ghetto; joining the Red Army and moving Prostitutes Ciechanow several countries after the war, including Cyprus; testifying at war crime trials; and immigrating to Palestine in Oral history interview with Menashe Lorenzy Oral History Menashe Lorenzy, born inin Kluzh, Hungary Cluj-Napoca, Romaniadescribes his family and his twin sister, Lea; Prostitutes Ciechanow persecution of Jews by Hungarians and Romanians; the large Jewish community in Kluzh; his father being sent to do forced labor; the Kastner family and the later Kastner trial; Prostitutes Ciechanow ordered to go to the ghetto in Czilastnocho; the liquidation of Prostitutes Ciechanow ghetto after two months and being sent with the other inmates to Auschwitz; being marched out of Birkenau to the forest where they were liberated by the Russian Army; going to Katowice, Poland, and was taken with Italian prisoners of war to Belarus to the Slutsk prison camp; his post-war life and family; and how his Holocaust experiences influenced his thinking about the wars in Israel.

Oral history interview with Benjamin Maierchik Oral History Benjamin Maierchik, born in in Wloclawek, Poland, describes his pre-war family life and the Jewish community of Wloclawek; studying engineering to prepare for immigration to Israel and attending school in Warsaw; joining a Polish artillery unit; escaping and going to Mezerich; going to Brest, Belarus and his work there; moving to L'viv, Ukraine in Spring ; being arrested by the Soviets and sent to Rybinsk, where he was part of the project to build the port; Turgenievo camp; the conditions in Turgenievo; joining the Red Army in September and being sent to the Caucasus and Uzbekistan; joining the Free Polish Army; Prostitutes Ciechanow in actions in Smolensk, Russia, in the liberation of Warsaw and Poznan, and in a victory parade in Prague; Polish antisemitism; his journey to Palestine in ; Prostitutes Ciechanow fighting in the Israeli War of Independence.

Oral history interview with Yehuda Marshand Oral History Yehuda Marshand, born Prostitutes Ciechanow Amsterdam, Netherlands on September 27,describes his family; his childhood; working for a firm that imported metals; meeting his wife, Hetti, in ; the arrival of Jewish refugees from Germany in ; joining the Prostitutes Ciechanow Army and becoming an officer; how after the Germans occupied Holland, he met a woman in Amersfoort who was active in the underground and a nobleman who agreed to give him his name so he would have a new identity; living in hiding with a Christian family; going in to Groningen, where he had to Prostitutes Ciechanow his documents to the manager of the hotel who had to give them to a German policeman; being captured and sent to 's-Hertogenbosch camp, where Yehuda worked for the Philips factory; being sent to Westerbork, and then Birkenau, Monowitz, Gleiwitz, Dora, and Nordhausen; his post-war life; and immigration to Israel.

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Oral history interview with Yosef Morgenshtern Oral History Yosef Morgenshtern, born on July 8, in Subotica, Serbia, describes his family and living in Sremska Mitrovica; the German arrival on April 22,prior to which his father was then arrested and taken to a camp near Osijek; being arrested with his brother by the Ustashi; the family being taken to Zagreb, Croatia and put into prison; how his family had provided housing to two Jews who fled Germany in the s; being transferred to Gospic; being transported after 20 days to Jasenovac II and his work there; the atrocities at Jasenovac, where he was held for Prostitutes Ciechanow two months; being sent to Stara Gradiska, where he and his brother were assigned to work at the 'economy,' farm work; witnessing the murder of his brother; his Prostitutes Ciechanow after liberation, including spending three years with the partisans and having various jobs; and going to Israel in Oral history interview with Shoshana Naor Oral History Shoshana Naor, born in Berlin, Germany Prostitutes Ciechanowdescribes her family; experiencing antisemitism; Kristallnacht; being sent by her family to Denmark Prostitutes Ciechanow she stayed with a few different families in Copenhagen and in the countryside; Prostitutes Ciechanow correspondence with her parents and sister; the Danish underground moving her to Sweden where she decided to study to become a Prostitutes Ciechanow specializing in midwifery; learning the fate of her mother from the Red Cross and trying to immigrate to Israel through Prostitutes Ciechanow and France; arriving in Haifa after an arduous journey, but not being allowed to disembark; being sent to Cyprus; eventually going to Palestine; and why she felt she survived.

Oral history interview with Artur Posnanski Oral History Artur Posnanski, born on July 30,in Berlin, Germany, describes Prostitutes Ciechanow family; being part of a Jewish organization ILI ; working for a Jewish social Prostitutes Ciechanow and taking children to Denmark in ; bringing 30 children to Sweden in ; saving his parents eight times from transports; going to Hafilberg in the province of Brandenburg in ; going back to Berlin, where he was conscripted into forced labor; his brother going to Palestine illegally; being transported to camp Monowitz a sub-camp of Auschwitz ; the bombing of his barracks by the English; scarlet fever in the camp; selections in the camps; being moved to Buchenwald; being liberated and the condition of Prostitutes Ciechanow at the time of liberation; his post-war family life Prostitutes Ciechanow immigration to Israel; and his views on post-war Germany.

Oral history interview with Simon Tov Razon Oral History Simon-Tov Razon, born in Salonika ThessalonikeGreece indescribes attending Jewish school; his neighborhood number ; being recruited into the Greek Army in ; being near the border of Prostitutes Ciechanow and in the mountains for 7 to 8 months in ; joining the partisans in ; obtaining a false identification card as a Christian with the name Simon Demandopolis; how their partisan base was in the caves in the mountains and there were women among their group; sabotaging the railroad stations; receiving orders to go to the villages and shoot so as to make it seem like they had large forces and thus encourage the farmers to join them; how his partisan division consisted of people, among them 10 to 15 Jews who got weapons and food from farmers; how after seven months after liberation he met friends from the Jewish Agency; his immigration to Israel; and his adaptation to that society.

Oral history interview with Peretz Revess Oral History Peretz Revess, born in in Horitz HoriceAustro-Hungary now Czech Republicdescribes his family, education, and encounters with antisemitism; becoming a leader of the Maccabi Prostitutes Ciechanow in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia Prostitutes Ciechanow ; how when the Nazis came to power, Peretz's family arranged to escape to Budapest, Hungary; hiding in various locations in Hungary and assisting Joel Brandt in saving others; being liberated and assisting in bringing food to children's Prostitutes Ciechanow in Prostitutes Ciechanow running the office responsible for children's homes and being responsible for over children; how most of the budget came from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; immigrating to Israel and settling in a kibbutz; and the trial of Rudolf Kastner.

Oral history interview with Simcha Rotem Oral History Simcha Rotem, born in in Warsaw, Poland, describes his family and early life; experiencing antisemitism in school; joining the Akiva Zionist youth movement; the Prostitutes Ciechanow German decrees against Jews; being transferred to the Warsaw ghetto and living Prostitutes Ciechanow inside the ghetto; life in the ghetto, including contact with friends, slave labor, and opportunities to trade for food with gentiles, the Judenrat, and on the black market; being involved in meetings of the resistance movement; going to Czerniakow; not being active in the first uprising; resistance activities and various hiding places; going to Krakow to contact partisan leader Michel Borwicz; the difficult conditions in Krakow prior to capture by the Red Army; and his illegal immigration to Palestine.

Oral history interview with Gustav Schaumberger Oral History Gustav Schaumburger, born on December 6, in the small town Hlyboka, Ukraine; describes his family; his childhood; how in the Russians took back Bukovina, the Germans retreated, and how it affected daily life; how in May-June most Jews were ordered to move to a prescribed ghetto area; his family going to the Czernovitz Chernivtsi ghetto; life in the ghetto and having to forge and barter for food; being transferred to Mogilev-Podolsk, Ukraine; being liberated by partisans; the partisans distributing arms and ghetto conditions improving; the fates of his siblings; being recruited into the Red Army and sent to build an airport in Belarus; moving to Israel; and discussing his Holocaust experiences.

Oral history interview with Yehoshua Shachar Oral History Yehoshua Shachar, born in in Debrecen, Hungary, describes his orthodox family; community life and incidents of antisemitism; the Germans entering Hungary in March ; the increasing restrictions imposed on the Jewish community; how his Prostitutes Ciechanow and her three sons were forced to pack and were pushed with others onto crowded trains; going to Vienna, Austria, where he worked in Prostitutes Ciechanow school and in farms; being forced to march with thousands to Mauthausen; conditions in the camp; Kapos; being sent on a truck to Gunskirchen; liberation by Americans; escaping the camp when Russians took over Prostitutes Ciechanow he returned to Vienna to contact Prostitutes Ciechanow JOINT; finding his family in Debrecen on August 20, ; his immigration to Palestine; Prostitutes Ciechanow his postwar life and family in Israel.

Oral history interview with Shlomo Shafir Oral History Shlomo Shafir, born in Berlin, Germany indescribes being raised by his father and grandmother in Eitkoven, a small town in the Lithuanian east Prussian border; living with his father who moved to Kovno in ; Prostitutes Ciechanow German take-over on June 22, and how antisemitism became much worse; moving to the ghetto with his father; editing and working Prostitutes Ciechanow the underground news; mass killings in the ghetto; being deported Prostitutes Ciechanow an aunt to Stutthof and then sent to Dachau on July 13, ; life in Dachau and Prostitutes Ciechanow forced labor work; being transferred to Kaufering II and Kaufering I; continuing Prostitutes Ciechanow extensive underground Zionist activities and even theater; their evacuation by train and march to the central Dachau camp; being liberated on May 2, Prostitutes Ciechanow helped by villagers; going to Freimann displaced persons camp with the help of Jewish officers; spending two weeks in St.

Oral history interview with Ze'ev Scheinwald Oral History Ze'ev Scheinwald, born in July in Sochaczew, Poland, describes his family; being a member of Betar; the outbreak of war; escaping temporarily to Warsaw, Poland but returning to Sochaczew; being expelled from Sochaczew in February ; life in the Warsaw ghetto; escaping from the ghetto and working for Polish peasants; going to the labor camp Skarzysko; being transferred to Buchenwald; being sent to Schlieben to work in the munitions factory; being liberated in Mauthausen; his immigration to Prostitutes Ciechanow and his disappointment with the reception of Holocaust survivors in Israel.

Oral history interview with Amiel Shomroni Oral History Amiel Shomroni, born in in Zagreb, Croatia, describes his family; joining the several youth movements, including Noar Echudi, Shomer Hatzair, and Bnei Akiba Bnei Prostitutes Ciechanow ; going to Palestine in but Prostitutes Ciechanow sent back by the British; studying veterinary medicine; the Germans arrival in and his family being protected by General Kvatenik, who had been his father's patient; being arrested when the General was dismissed; how he, his wife, daughter, and father hid in a village near the Hungarian border; crossing the border and going by train to Budapest; getting Prostitutes Ciechanow to go to Prostitutes Ciechanow, Hungary; his immigration to Palestine through Romania and Turkey and via train through Syria; and his reflections on his experiences and why he believes he survived and others did not.

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Oral history Prostitutes Ciechanow with Dan Zimerman Oral History Dan Zimerman, born in Budapest, Prostitutes Ciechanow, inProstitutes Ciechanow moving to Poprad, Czechoslovakia Slovakia ; his family; joining the Hashomer Hatzair and Hachsara; what they knew about the fate of European Jews in ; joining the Slovak Army in ; traveling to Bratislava, Slovakia; his parents and two brothers escaping to Budapest, Hungary, and life there; his connections to the underground; making false papers; German invasion of Budapest March 19, ; escaping to Romania; hiding in Arad, Romania, and Prostitutes Ciechanow throughout Europe to Haifa, Palestine Israel.

Oral history interview with Arie Zizamski Oral History Arie Zizamski, born in Pruzany, Poland present day Pruzhany, Belarusdiscusses his childhood; rising antisemitism; the invasion of Germans and withdraw of Soviets; the Judenrat and ghetto of Pruzany; arriving at Auschwitz-Birkeanu; going to Buna Monowitz ; going to Buchenwald; entering Czechoslovakia; going to the hospital in Terezin; going to a Prostitutes Ciechanow persons camp in Landsberg and Bergen Belsen; going to Italy by Bricha; illegally migrating by boat to Palestine; being interned in Cyprus; and arriving in Israel in Oral history interview with Alexander Avnon Oral History Alexander Avnon, born Alexander Silberstein March in Warsaw, Poland, discusses moving to Otwock, Poland ; life in the Warsaw ghetto ; being smuggled out of the ghetto; living with a Christian woman; traveling to Moscow, Soviet Union; being in jail for vagrancy; being sent to a Polish orphanage; returning to Warsaw in ; and immigrating to Palestine Israel.

Oral history interview with Itzchak Dugin Oral Prostitutes Ciechanow Itzchak Dugin, born in Vilna VilniusLithuania indiscusses his family life; working Prostitutes Ciechanow a printer until ; the Germans arriving in Vilna; enforcement of anti-Jewish laws; moving to ghetto II in Vilna; obtaining a work permit to Prostitutes Ciechanow the ghetto and working at a gasoline depot; being taken to a work camp in Ponary; digging up corpses; escaping from Ponary Prostitutes Ciechanow small groups; and meeting up with and joining Russian partisans.

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The Germans ordered Jews to pay inordinate contributions, which were very difficult to pay as most of the wealthy Jews had already left town. Dan Zimerman, born in Budapest, Hungary, in , discusses moving to Poprad, Czechoslovakia Slovakia ; his family; joining the Hashomer Hatzair and Hachsara; what they knew about the fate of European Jews in ; joining the Slovak Army in ; traveling to Bratislava, Slovakia; his parents and two brothers escaping to Budapest, Hungary, and life there; his connections to the underground; making false papers; German invasion of Budapest March 19, ; escaping to Romania; hiding in Arad, Romania, and traveling throughout Europe to Haifa, Palestine Israel.

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