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For example, the mayor of Bologna cut all funding to women's shelters. It also provided that the shutters should Prostitutes Bologna remain closed, which is the origin of the Italian expression "closed houses" case chiuse. The issue was never on the agenda of the women's movement, not even by the Prostitutes Bologna, and who played no part in the debate, nor did the Equal Opportunities Minister Anna Finocchiaro.

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Search Go! Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, street view prostitution, street view hooker, streetview hooker, street view prostitute. However, surveys consistently suggest that there is considerable public support for re-opening the Prostitutes Bologna chiuse. Following the founding of the Comitato see Advocacy, belowattempts to change the law continued, with 22 bills introduced in the Prostitutes Bologna assembly.

Prostitution in Italy became much more visible in the early s with the increase of migration from Eastern Europe and Western Africa which had begun in the s.

Underage prostitutes exploited in Bologna ‘hell house’

The dissolution of the Soviet Unionthe Yugoslav Warsand new immigration policies such as Legge Martelli of contributed to a rapid influx of sex workers in originating from former Soviet bloc countries, giving rise to the colloquial term "Polish Girls" ragazze polacche.

A second wave of immigrant sex workers from Nigeria and Peruarriving to Italy using tourist visas and staying in the country after they had expired the so-called clandestini ensued, followed by a third wave from Albania in — The fourth wave in also came from Nigeria and Albania, while in Prostitutes Bologna, even more migrants came from MoldovaLithuaniaand Albania.

Among these migrants were women who took up prostitution with varying degrees of voluntarity, with some suffering coercion and debt bondage human traffickingincluding under-aged Prostitutes Bologna. These issues of foreign nationals, coerced prostitution, and under-aged prostitutes have re-shaped the prostitution Prostitutes Bologna in Italy, as elsewhere around Europe, in recent years.

Descriptions of the conditions of migrant women, particularly young women, on the streets, shifted the debate in the Prostitutes Bologna from the Comitato' s perception Prostitutes Bologna prostitutes as independent and assertive women to that of victims of male violence. With migration, street prostitution became more visible, the prostitutes being considered to now be Prostitutes Bologna foreigners.

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Prostitutes Bologna turn, this created another force driving Prostitutes Bologna attitudes, which were community groups from urban neighbourhoods where street prostitution was most visible, particularly since the mids.

Another initiative was to create tolerance zonessuch as in Mestrethe mainland of Venice, in Some municipal authorities have created confusion by erecting signs drawing attention to prostitution occurring in the neighbourhood.

While it was always possible to request a residency permit on humanitarian grounds, this was not well known or utilized by foreign sex workers. InLivia Prostitutes Bolognathe Minister of Social Affairs, introduced the first "Justice Permit" for trafficking victims who renounced their traffickers, as Prostitutes Bologna of the Prime Minister Lamberto Dini 's immigration decree.

However, Catholic organizations Prostitutes Bologna the denunciation clause. The Prostitutes Bologna initiative to address the situation of women migrant Prostitutes Bologna came from Anna Finocchiaro Democratic Partythe Minister of Equal Opportunities. Giorgio Napolitano Democrats of the Leftthe Interior Minister, announced new measures in to deal with prostitution as an issue of urban safety, and there was little debate over his proposals, given widespread concerns over human trafficking.

The main opposing viewpoint was that residence permits should be granted only on the condition of victims denouncing traffickers. Measures adopted by the law included increased penalties for recruiting and trafficking, and allowing victims of trafficking to stay in the country under a "protection permit". The law envisioned that these permits would be administered by local police chiefs questori on humanitarian grounds, but this concerned NGOs because of the complexity of the Prostitutes Bologna involved and the potential for abuse.

The law also required the victim to enroll in training courses organized and by approved NGOs. The law also allocated funds for associations assisting these victims, but did require them to exit sex work, although they were supposed to denounce it. The requirement for denunciation in the original Dini decree was removed. In advocating this, Turco was influenced by the Commission for Equal Opportunities, whose first president, Elena Marinucci PSIhad embraced the aims of the Comitato and attempted to legislate this in Amongst critics were the Comitato who objected to prostitution as something that women required to be protected from, without addressing stigmatization.

However, Catholic organizations dominated the list of approved agencies, and followed this belief. However, the debates did distinguish between forced prostitution and a "free and conscious Prostitutes Bologna of the individual". Although the law was not explicitly targeted at sex work, its implementation was. Despite gender neutral language, the Prostitutes Bologna focused on young female victims of trafficking, which was driven by populist media imagery.

The Prostitutes Bologna law did little to stem the debate. When the government led Prostitutes Bologna Massimo D'Alema was elected later that year in October three women ministers from three political parties Federation of the GreensProstitutes Bologna People's Prostitutes Bolognaand Democrats of the Left - Laura Balbo Equal OpportunitiesRosa Russo Jervolino Internal Affairs and Livia Turco Social Affairs announced they would look at new proposals on battling trafficking and defending the dignity of women.

The result was a new prominence for Anna Finocchiaro's consultative body, the Inter-ministerial Table for the Prostitutes Bologna against Trafficking in February with wide representation. Finocchiaro had declared "Trafficking in women is a new and very serious problem that we have to combat primarily with the punishment for reduction into Prostitutes Bologna, instead of using the Merlin law".

In Marchthe ministers announced new, more severe, penalties for exploitation, and new rules Prostitutes Bologna protecting those who renounced prostitution. Available statistics for reported known victims, 37 percent of whom were minors, predominantly originating from Albania, Nigeria and FR Yugoslavia.

A total of permits Prostitutes Bologna granted in and in Untilalthough there were no laws against street prostitutionother laws concerning public order Prostitutes Bologna decency could be used to regulate it, and some places had local ordinances enacted against street prostitution.

Attempts were regularly made to criminalize outdoor sex work. Ina new bill outlawing street prostitution [25] was introduced by Mara CarfagnaProstitutes Bologna [27] [28] Minister for Equal Opportunities, [29] and approved by the Consiglio dei ministri on 11 September. The bill is framed as an amendment to the Legge Merlin of 20 FebruaryNo 75 by providing for penalties for the act of prostitution, solicitation, or Prostitutes Bologna oneself of sexual services in a place open to the public Art.

Article 2 amends article bis of the penal code to provide penalties for recruiting, inducing, promoting, using, managing, organizing, controlling, or profiting from the sexual services of a person under 18, or for those promising any kind reward for a sexual act with a person between 14 and It also provides for repatriation of foreign minors engaging in prostitution.

Article 3 Prostitutes Bologna with organized crime, penalizing conspiracy to exploit prostitution via article of the penal code. Article 4 provides no new resources and repeals article 5 of the Legge Merlin, Prostitutes Bologna it replaces, prohibiting libertinaggio solicitation constituting offence or harassment subject to up to Prostitutes Bologna days imprisonment.

The bill S. As with previous attempts this has attracted much criticism. The bill is opposed by the Catholic Church, sex workers [40] Prostitutes Bologna reduction advocates [19] feminist groups, [41] [42] human rights and immigrant groups, [43] and lawyers [44] and continues to be a matter of both popular and academic debate.

The Domestic Security regulations of 24 July L. Under these powers, sex workers and clients have been subjected to ordinances that permit municipal police to administer fines. The Public Security Law enables police chiefs to Prostitutes Bologna persons from a city in which they do not officially reside.

EU citizens are subject to fines while Prostitutes Bologna citizens may be placed in detention centres and deported. The Comitato reports a breakdown Prostitutes Bologna relationships between NGOs and authorities and between NGOs and workers, an avoidance of health Prostitutes Bologna and an increase in criminal activity. While Prostitutes Bologna varies by region and over time, the immediate effect has been the expected and desired one of clearing the streets at least temporarily and displacing workers to remote areas.

Indoors work has increased, and quality of life in general has deteriorated. Unprotected sex has increased due to reduced ability to negotiate.

Stigmatization and vulnerability have Prostitutes Bologna, as has a greater reliance on social services. As noted in other countries, as soon as police activity is reduced, older work patterns reappear. Prostitutes Bologna, the simple exercise of street prostitution could be no more persecuted by this kind of local bills. Prostitution is Prostitutes Bologna it is not mentioned in the Penal Code as suchbrothels and pimping are illegal.

Single sex workers working from apartments are "tolerated". Loitering is permitted, but soliciting "unabashedly inviting clients on the street" is illegal. Migrants with work or residence permits may work in sex work, and police cannot revoke residence permits and begin deportation procedures, as they tried failing by the Italian laws. Work permits Prostitutes Bologna be issued to migrant dancers in entertainment clubs Prostitutes Bologna one year in a single workplace.

Sex work is forbidden, but nude dancing is tolerated. Suspicions of sexual encounters lead to club closures. The last one of these Judgments has carried out in n. A court decision created a new precedent, that clients who did not pay the worker would be Prostitutes Bologna guilty of rape.

The three main debates which have occupied the public, media, and policy makers are [5]. According to a TAMPEP report on the legislations and policies regarding prostitution in Europe, in Italy, the dominant frames are sex work as violence, force, organized crime, a threat to public security and order, and driving demand for migration and trafficking.

Amongst the Prostitutes Bologna actors were the Centri antiviolenza Anti-violence centresand women's shelters who advocated for victims of trafficking to stay in the country even if they did not denounce their exploiters, in keeping with their vision that women are best empowered by allowing them to determine their own course of action.

The women's movement has been divided between those who Prostitutes Bologna prostitution as exploitation and those who saw it as work. In general, the movement has not prioritized prostitution, giving it mid-level importance, and saw it as a cultural issue, and did not trust the State as an intervenor.

On this issue, Catholic organizations have been part of a hostile backlash to feminism, as is the fascist right. For example, the mayor of Bologna cut Prostitutes Bologna funding to women's shelters.

The women's movement denounced prostitution.

Yes, it's location and that's probably why most people with chose it.

The policy of fining clients of street prostitutes, which has started to be implemented in the early s, by city mayors, has been approved by part of the feminist Prostitutes Bologna blaming clients for the existence of prostitution is a common discourse among both feminists and Catholics[48] but opposed by other women who felt this policy further victimized the women.

Prostitutes Bologna the ongoing debates surrounding prostitution in Italy are the legal scholars who advocate " diritto leggero ", the concept that the State should intervene only minimally in matters considered the free choice of the individual.

There Prostitutes Bologna a trend towards supporting normalization. A prominent advocate for this position has been Roberta Tatafiorechief editor of Noidonne "Us Women". In regard to legal issues, feminists in general have supported the Merlin law, which banned brothels and regulation; and stood for decriminalization, with the exception of exploitation by third parties pimps. In the centre-left Prostitutes Bologna of Prodithe policy system was reasonably open, and the dominant approach matched that of the women's movement, in moving ahead with "protection".

The shift in emphasis from workers to clients inwhen mayors ordered police to Prostitutes Bologna clients, was welcomed by Catholics and feminists. In Bologna in Prostitutes Bologna, the Case delle donne per non-subire violenzethe Comitatoand MIT, a transsexual organization, left the city's co-ordinating committee on prostitution in protest, believing that any repression worsened workers' working conditions.

There was also a feeling that criminalizing clients prevented them reporting abuse of workers or collaborating with authorities. Prostitutes Bologna issue was raised again in by Jervolinoproposing amending the Merlin Law to stiffen penalties for exploitation. Giuliano AmatoMinister of Institutional Reforms, suggested that instead the client should be penalized, and Antonio Di Pietro Lista Di Pietro introduced Prostitutes Bologna bill into the Senatebut raised the ire of politicians, in particular Livia Turco, who emphasised that prostitution should Prostitutes Bologna decriminalized, and only "true abuse" be penalized.

She and Laura Balbo also received representation from the Prostitutes Bologna against this. This debate occurred during meetings of a parliamentary commission into prostitution, where there were frequent references to under-age foreign prostitutes.

Partly connected to this was the emergence of a need to criminalize clients using under-age workers. Engaging in sexual activity with someone under 14 was already classified as statutory rape, but that still left many under-age workers.

While the age of consent is 14, paying to engage in sexual activities with teenagers between 14 and 17 years old, regardless of consent, is a crime punished with imprisonment from one to Prostitutes Bologna years.

Reports of underage workers has been a persistent concern in Italy as elsewhere, Prostitutes Bologna in Italy it often appeared framed as homosexual molestation of male minors. Prostitutes Bologna initiative unified a number of legislative proposals. The media reported abuse and murders particularly an 8-year-old boy in Ostia in[50] internet child pornography and sex tourism, with the terminology shifting from 'teenager' to 'child', and frequently conflated 'women and children' Prostitutes Bologna equally vulnerable.

Parliament responded rapidly and the Penal Code was amended [51] to deal with sexual contact with minors or possession of child pornography with no opposition. There was, however, division over the issue of the defence of ignorance, the final decision being it was not a defence.

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Because Italian law prohibits gender discrimination another legacy of Lina Merlinthe language was neutral, although not the effect. It was, however, considered impossible to enforce, since it would require the worker to lay the complaint.

The issue was never on the agenda Prostitutes Bologna the women's movement, Prostitutes Bologna even by the shelters, and who played no part in the debate, nor did the Equal Opportunities Minister Anna Prostitutes Bologna. Nor was the policy environment receptive to feminist input, since Prostitutes Bologna Government was anxious to be seen to be responding to media and moral panic on pedophilia.

Inaround 50 men—among them professionals, priests, and politicians—were accused of paying two teenage girls from Prostitutes Bolognaaged 14 and 15, for sexual services in Rome. Inthe Chamber of Deputies ordered an "Inquiry to increase knowledge about the social and sanitary aspects of prostitution" [55] in response to concerns about foreign workers on the streets.

The Inquiry interviewed many stakeholders during six hearings, but there was relatively little representation from the women's movement.

The main framework was Prostitutes Bologna idea that foreigners were "invading" the streets of Italy, as a public order issue.

This was Prostitutes Bologna heavily gendered debate. In the end, the commission adopted three principles — harm reduction, education of clients, and the importance of upholding the Merlin law. The deliberations included proposing a law to finance local government programmes to assist sex workers with protection permits. At the same time, the three women ministers were promoting education campaigns in the countries of origin of migrant sex workers e. There was little feminist input into this discussion, with the exception of Elsa Antonioni Prostitutes Bologna the Anti-violence shelter, who stressed the continuity between sex for money and sex for free, pointing to the vulnerability of sex workers' civil rights e.

This was not pursued, although the strong role of Prostitutes Bologna Equal Opportunities Ministry can be seen as an insider women's voice. Their demands saw a Prostitutes Bologna of bills introduced in parliament, which, despite support from three leftist parties, were unsuccessful.

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However, attempts to change the law continue in parliament. The Comitato has been one of the major women's voices in sex work debates in Italy, at least in comparison with the Prostitutes Bologna movement overall, and worked closely with the women's shelters.

Their position of minimum Prostitutes Bologna was shared with both the women's movement and the policy agencies. This has only been partially successful. A frequent target has been the provisions of the Merlin Law that punish those involved, Prostitutes Bologna which Livia Turco was a prominent political voice. Positioned against this cause has been the law-and-order agenda of both centre-left and centre-right coalitions.

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The Sunday evening at the cocktail bar Stile Libero has been very popular for many years to meet with buddies at the end of the weekend. Pretty much all streetwalkers in Bologna come from Eastern Europe for example Moldova.

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